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However, in approximately 10% of the cases, the contralateral radius is not suitable for use. A shape completion model may provide an alternative by generating a healthy radius model based on the proximal part of the malunited bone. The aim of this study is to develop and clinically evaluate such a shape completion model.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 100 segmented CT scans of healthy radii were used, with 80 scans used to train a statistical shape model (SSM). This SSM formed the base for a shape completion model capable of predicting the distal 12% based on the proximal 88%. Hyperparameters were optimized using 10 segmented 3D models, and the remaining 10 models were reserved for testing the performance of the shape completion model.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The shape completion model consistently produced clinically viable 3D reconstructions. The mean absolute errors between the predicted and corresponding reference models in the rotational errors were 2.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7\u00b0 for radial inclination, 3.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2\u00b0 for volar tilt, and 2.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8\u00b0 for axial rotation. Translational errors were 0.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u00a0mm in dorsal shift, 0.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u00a0mm in radial shift, and 1.7\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1\u00a0mm in lengthening.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study successfully developed a shape completion model capable of reconstructing healthy 3D radius models based on the proximal bone. The observed errors indicate that the model is viable for use in 3D planning for patients lacking a healthy contralateral radius. However, routine use in patients with a healthy contralateral radius is not yet advised, as error margins exceed bilateral differences observed in healthy populations. The most clinically relevant error found in the model, length mismatch, can be easily corrected during 3D planning if the ipsilateral ulna remains intact.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-025-03454-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T12:53:05Z","timestamp":1750164785000},"page":"2075-2085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A shape completion model for corrective osteotomy of distal radius malunion"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5166-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camiel J.","family":"Smees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"olde Heuvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stein","family":"van der Heide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmee D.","family":"van Uum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5788-7309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne J. 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