{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:03:57Z","timestamp":1789650237315,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-026-03590-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:52:16Z","timestamp":1773222736000},"page":"1789-1796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mixed reality simulator for ultrasound-guided thyroid nodule radiofrequency ablation: development and technical validation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Aidan","family":"Mather","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Zachary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naykky Singh","family":"Ospina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo J.","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samsun","family":"Lampotang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9846-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Samouce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"3590_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.638880","volume":"12","author":"A Bisceglia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bisceglia A, Rossetto R, Garberoglio S, Franzin A, Cerato A, Maletta F, Papotti MG, Ghigo E, Pagano L, Maccario M, Garberoglio R (2021) Predictor analysis in radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules: a single center experience. Front Endocrinol 12:638880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.638880","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"3590_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.0956","volume":"313","author":"C Durante","year":"2015","unstructured":"Durante C, Costante G, Lucisano G, Bruno R, Meringolo D, Paciaroni A, Puxeddu E, Torlontano M, Tumino S, Attard M, Lamartina L, Nicolucci A, Filetti S (2015) The natural history of benign thyroid nodules. JAMA 313:926\u2013935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.0956","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3590_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26960","volume":"44","author":"LA Orloff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orloff LA, Noel JE, Stack BC Jr, Russell MD, Angelos P, Baek JH, Brumund KT, Chiang FY, Cunnane MB, Davies L, Frasoldati A, Feng AY, Heged\u00fcs L, Iwata AJ, Kandil E, Kuo J, Lombardi C, Lupo M, Maia AL, McIver B, Na DG, Novizio R, Papini E, Patel KN, Rangel L, Russell JO, Shin J, Shindo M, Shonka DC Jr, Karcioglu AS, Sinclair C, Singer M, Spiezia S, Steck JH, Steward D, Tae K, Tolley N, Valcavi R, Tufano RP, Tuttle RM, Volpi E, Wu CW, Abdelhamid Ahmed AH, Randolph GW (2022) Radiofrequency ablation and related ultrasound-guided ablation technologies for treatment of benign and malignant thyroid disease: an international multidisciplinary consensus statement of the American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery Section with the Asia Pacific Society, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, British Association of Endocrine Thyroid Association, Italian Society of Endocrine Surgery Unites, Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology, Latin American Thyroid Society, and Thyroid Nodules Therapies Association. Head Neck 44:633\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.26960","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"3590_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/aot-22-1","volume":"7","author":"JE Noel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noel JE, Hannabass K, Orloff LA (2022) Radiofrequency ablation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules: updates and current status. Ann Thyroid 7:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/aot-22-1","journal-title":"Ann Thyroid"},{"key":"3590_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0547","volume":"28","author":"H Dobnig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dobnig H, Amrein K (2018) Monopolar radiofrequency ablation of thyroid nodules: a prospective Austrian single-center study. Thyroid 28:472\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2017.0547","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"3590_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2021.1871974","volume":"38","author":"G Russ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Russ G, Ben Hamou A, Poir\u00e9e S, Ghander C, M\u00e9n\u00e9gaux F, Leenhardt L, Buffet C (2021) Learning curve for radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules. Int J Hyperth 38:55\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02656736.2021.1871974","journal-title":"Int J Hyperth"},{"key":"3590_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11110416","volume":"262","author":"JH Baek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baek JH, Lee JH, Sung JY, Bae JI, Kim KT, Sim J, Baek SM, Kim YS, Shin JH, Park JS, Kim DW, Kim JH, Kim EK, Jung SL, Na DG, Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (2012) Complications encountered in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules with US-guided radiofrequency ablation: a multicenter study. Radiology 262:335\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.11110416","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"3590_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2025.09.010","author":"S Bridgemohan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bridgemohan S, Ortiz A, Perez Rodriguez Garcia G, Kolukula S, Acosta Garcia GJ, Samouce C, Lampotang S, Brito JP, Singh Ospina N (2025) Training programs for thyroid biopsy and ablation: a systematic review. Endocr Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2025.09.010","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"3590_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02723-w","volume":"13","author":"E Toni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toni E, Toni E, Fereidooni M, Ayatollahi H (2024) Acceptance and use of extended reality in surgical training: an umbrella review. Syst Rev 13:299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-024-02723-w","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"3590_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-024-02095-7","volume":"48","author":"R Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2024","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es R, Oliveira A, Terroso D, Vila\u00e7a A, Veloso R, Marques A, Pereira J, Coelho L (2024) Mixed reality in the operating room: a systematic review. J Med Syst 48:76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-024-02095-7","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"3590_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000503","volume":"16","author":"S Lampotang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lampotang S, Bigos AK, Avari K, Johnson WT, Mei V, Lizdas DE (2021) SMMARTS: an open architecture development platform for modular, mixed, and augmented reality procedural and interventional simulators. Simul Healthc 16:353\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000503","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"key":"3590_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10101210","volume":"10","author":"F Bini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bini F, Pica A, Marinozzi F, Giusti A, Leoncini A, Trimboli P (2023) Model-optimizing radiofrequency parameters of 3D finite element analysis for ablation of benign thyroid nodules. Bioengineering 10:1210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10101210","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"3590_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1948.1.2.93","volume":"1","author":"HH Pennes","year":"1948","unstructured":"Pennes HH (1948) Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm. J Appl Physiol 1(2):93\u2013122","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3590_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134459","volume":"21","author":"JR Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez JR, Dami\u00e3o C, Moran M, Pantale\u00e3o CA, Cruz RA, Balarini GA, Conci A (2021) A computational study on the role of parameters for identification of thyroid nodules by infrared images (and comparison with real data). Sensors 21:4459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21134459","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"3590_CR15","unstructured":"Baumgartner C, Hasgall PA, Di Gennaro F, Neufeld E, Lloyd B, Gosselin MC, Payne D, Klingenb\u00f6ck A, Kuster N (2025)\u00a0IT\u2019IS database for thermal and electromagnetic parameters of biological tissues, version 5.0.\u00a0IT\u2019IS Foundation. https:\/\/itis.swiss\/virtual-population\/tissue-properties\/overview\/. Accessed 23 September\u00a02024"},{"key":"3590_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-3-27","volume":"3","author":"IA Chang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chang IA, Nguyen UD (2004) Thermal modeling of lesion growth with radiofrequency ablation devices. Biomed Eng Online 3:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-925X-3-27","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"issue":"3","key":"3590_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1137\/0705041","volume":"5","author":"G Strang","year":"1968","unstructured":"Strang G (1968) On the construction and comparison of difference schemes. SIAM J Numer Anal 5(3):506\u2013517","journal-title":"SIAM J Numer Anal"},{"key":"3590_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2015003","volume":"13","author":"JA L\u00f3pez Molina","year":"2016","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez Molina JA, Rivera MJ, Berjano E (2016) Electrical\u2013thermal analytical modeling of monopolar RF thermal ablation of biological tissues: determining the circumstances under which tissue temperature reaches a steady state. Math Biosci Eng 13:281\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/mbe.2015003","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng"},{"key":"3590_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2011.631076","volume":"28","author":"M Trujillo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trujillo M, Alba J, Berjano E (2012) Relationship between roll-off occurrence and spatial distribution of dehydrated tissue during RF ablation with cooled electrodes. Int J Hyperthermia 28:62\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02656736.2011.631076","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"key":"3590_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16906","volume":"51","author":"T Boers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boers T, Brink W, Bianchi L, Saccomandi P, van Hespen J, Wennemars G, Braak S, Versluis M, Manohar S (2024) An anthropomorphic thyroid phantom for ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of nodules. Med Phys 51:826\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.16906","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"3590_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.575565","volume":"12","author":"P Pregel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pregel P, Scala E, Bullone M, Martano M, Nozza L, Garberoglio S, Garberoglio R, Bollo E, Scaglione FE (2021) Radiofrequency thermoablation on ex vivo animal tissues: changes on isolated swine thyroids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 12:575565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.575565","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03590-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03590-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03590-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:18:23Z","timestamp":1789647503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03590-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03590-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-6429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Aidan Mather: No competing financial or non-financial interests. Joseph Zachary: No competing financial or non-financial interests. Naykky Singh Ospina: No competing financial or non-financial interests. Gonzalo J. Acosta: No competing financial or non-financial interests. Samsun Lampotang: Inventor on US Patent 9,626,805 assigned to the University of Florida that covers some of the technology used in the SMMARTS development platform on which this simulator was developed. Christopher Samouce: No competing financial or non-financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The usability evaluation involving one expert participant was reviewed and determined exempt by the University of Florida Institutional Review Board (Protocol #: ET00046997). The work otherwise used phantom models and published ex vivo data; no animal studies were performed, and no human or animal tissues were collected.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the expert participant prior to participation in the usability evaluation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}