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The Parkland Grading Scale (PGS) provides a clinically validated framework for stratifying inflammation severity; however, its automation in surgical videos remains largely unexplored, particularly in realistic scenarios where complete videos must be analyzed without prior manual curation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this work, we introduce STC-Net, a novel framework for Single-Timestamp-based Complexity estimation in LC via the PGS, designed to operate under weak temporal supervision. Unlike prior methods limited to static images or manually trimmed clips, STC-Net operates directly on full videos. It jointly performs temporal localization and grading through a localization, window proposal, and grading module. We introduce a novel loss formulation combining hard and soft localization objectives and background-aware grading supervision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evaluated on a private dataset of 1859 LC videos, STC-Net achieves an accuracy of 60.18% and an F1-score of 59.68%, outperforming non-localized baselines by over 12% in both metrics and highlighting the effectiveness of weak supervision for surgical complexity assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>STC-Net demonstrates a scalable and effective approach for automated PGS-based surgical complexity estimation from full LC videos, making it promising for postoperative analysis and surgical training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-026-03648-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T06:40:28Z","timestamp":1779172828000},"page":"1321-1329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Learning from single timestamps: complexity estimation in laparoscopic cholecystectomy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1772-522X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Anastasiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Barbarisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Culshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayna","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos B.","family":"Mazomenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imanol","family":"Luengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danail","family":"Stoyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"3648_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-1035-6","volume":"55","author":"NG Csikesz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Csikesz NG, Singla A, Murphy MM, Tseng JF, Shah SA (2010) Surgeon volume metrics in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. 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Barbarisi, L. Culshaw, J. Patel, and I. Luengo are employees of Medtronic plc. D. Stoyanov is an employee of Medtronic plc and UCL.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Medtronic plc maintains all necessary rights and consents to process, analyze, and display the private data referenced in this study. The work is conducted through redacted videos obtained through commercial or research agreements, and without Protected Health Information (PHI).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}