{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:30:26Z","timestamp":1793457026496,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space of Germany","award":["16KISK002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KISK002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space of Germany","award":["16KIS2416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KIS2416"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["101121421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101121421"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We explore an approach to develop telemedical Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) using User-centered Design (UCD) methods. In contrast with prior work that emphasizes system integration, we center on the GUI as the clinician\u2019s primary interface.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a user-centered, two-stage process, we developed a modular and generalized GUI architecture and adapted it to a Robotic Ultrasound System (RUSS) and a robotic Tension Pneumothorax (tPTX) system. The GUIs were iteratively co-designed and evaluated with physicians using mixed methods (System Usability Scale (SUS), end-user-adapted heuristics, eye-tracking).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of the study confirm the benefits of UCD methods for the development of GUIs for telemedical robotic systems. Repeated exposure increased efficiency across tasks and scenarios, indicating the usability (training effect) and consistency (cross-scenario learning transfer) of a modular GUI architecture. The mixed-methods design provided complementary insights via triangulation, helped to analyze outliers, and revealed additional design issues not captured by one method alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A user-centered GUI development process with multiple evaluation rounds can improve the usability of telemedical robotic systems for medical professionals. Our findings show that a modular architecture can facilitate the transfer of training effects across implementations and clinical use cases by preserving high-level structures and interaction concepts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-026-03701-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:39:21Z","timestamp":1781527161000},"page":"2087-2097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["User-centered design of graphical user interfaces for telemedical robotic systems: development and usability study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3176-3206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Kolb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2325-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Kautt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3021-4152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5679-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Saurbier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5978-694X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Matthiesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2972-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6258-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3701_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985600.966013","volume-title":"Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things","author":"DA Norman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Norman DA (2004) Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things. Basic Books, New York, NY, USA"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"3701_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2009.04.007","volume":"21","author":"B Shackel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shackel B (2009) Usability - context, framework, definition, design and evaluation. Interact Comput 21(5\u20136):339\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intcom.2009.04.007","journal-title":"Interact Comput"},{"key":"3701_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2020.102932","volume":"76","author":"OV Bitkina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bitkina OV, Kim HK, Park J (2020) Usability and user experience of medical devices: an overview of the current state, analysis methodologies, and future challenges. Int J Ind Ergon 76:102932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ergon.2020.102932","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-016-0217-7","volume":"15","author":"S Avgousti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Avgousti S, Christoforou EG, Panayides AS, Voskarides S, Novales C, Nouaille L, Pattichis CS, Vieyres P (2016) Medical telerobotic systems: current status and future trends. Biomed Eng Online 15(1):96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-016-0217-7","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d","volume":"239","author":"AR Lanfranco","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lanfranco AR, Castellanos AE, Desai JP, Meyers WC (2004) Robotic surgery: a current perspective. Ann Surg 239(1):14\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3701_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ballantyne GH (2002) Robotic surgery, telerobotic surgery, telepresence, and telementoring. Surg Endosc 16(10):1389\u20131402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-001-8283-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-001-8283-7"},{"key":"3701_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berlet M, Fuchtmann J, Krumpholz R, Naceri A, Macari D, J\u00e4hne-Schon C, Haddadin S, Friess H, Feussner H, Wilhelm D (2024) Toward telemedical diagnostics-clinical evaluation of a robotic examination system for emergency patients. DIGITAL HEALTH 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076231225084","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231225084"},{"key":"3701_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fuchtmann J, Krumpholz R, Berlet M, Ostler D, Feussner H, Haddadin S, Wilhelm D (2021) COVID-19 and beyond: development of a comprehensive telemedical diagnostic framework. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 16(8):1403\u20131412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-021-02424-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-021-02424-y"},{"key":"3701_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fuchtmann J, Krumpholz R, Ostler D, Naceri A, Macari D, Haddadin S, Wilhelm D, Feussner H, Berlet M (2021) New Method for Surgical Diagnostics - a Robotic Telemedical Approach. Surgical Technology International 39, 28\u201333 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52198\/21.STI.39.SO1498","DOI":"10.52198\/21.STI.39.SO1498"},{"issue":"3","key":"3701_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-019-00399-0","volume":"10","author":"M Giuliani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giuliani M, Szcze\u015bniak-Sta\u0144czyk D, Mirnig N, Stollnberger G, Szyszko M, Sta\u0144czyk B, Tscheligi M (2020) User-centred design and evaluation of a tele-operated echocardiography robot. Heal Technol 10(3):649\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12553-019-00399-0","journal-title":"Heal Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2004.11.005","volume":"38","author":"CM Johnson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson CM, Johnson TR, Zhang J (2005) A user-centered framework for redesigning health care interfaces. J Biomed Inform 38(1):75\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2004.11.005","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"3701_CR12","unstructured":"Patel V.L, Kushniruk A.W (1998) Interface design for health care environments: the role of cognitive science. Proceedings. AMIA Symposium, 29\u201337"},{"key":"3701_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2018.10.009","volume":"88","author":"O Gambino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gambino O, Rundo L, Cannella V, Vitabile S, Pirrone R (2018) A framework for data-driven adaptive GUI generation based on DICOM. J Biomed Inform 88:37\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2018.10.009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"3701_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palani N (2020) ONE-GUI Designing for Medical Devices & IoT introduction. In: Trends in Development of Medical Devices, pp. 17\u201334. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-820960-8.00002-2","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820960-8.00002-2"},{"issue":"11","key":"3701_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad168","volume":"16","author":"C Barbieri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barbieri C, Neri L, Stuard S, Mari F, Mart\u00edn-Guerrero JD (2023) From electronic health records to clinical management systems: how the digital transformation can support healthcare services. Clin Kidney J 16(11):1878\u20131884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfad168","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"3701_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chirapornchai C, Niyi-Odumosu F, Giuliani M, Bremner P (2022) User Requirements for a Robot Teleoperation system for General Medical Examination. 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, Napoli, Italy, pp 858\u2013863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900855","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900855"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1177\/21695067231192409","volume":"67","author":"S Sawant","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sawant S, Joshi P, Sawant S (2023) Usability testing of healthcare devices: a review of the current UX methods used for usability testing of healthcare devices. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annual Meet 67(1):1078\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21695067231192409","journal-title":"Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annual Meet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/designs7010009","volume":"7","author":"R Formicola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Formicola R, Amici C, Mor M, Bissolotti L, Borboni A (2023) Design of medical devices with usability in mind: a theoretical proposal and experimental case study using the LEPRE device. Designs 7(1):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/designs7010009","journal-title":"Designs"},{"key":"3701_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stricker E, Pfeffer S, Trick M, Rall M, Maier T (2012) Standardized research on ergonomics, usability and workflow analysis using high fidelity simulation labs. Biomedical Engineering \/ Biomedizinische Technik 57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bmt-2012-4285. (SI-1 Track-J))","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2012-4285"},{"issue":"4","key":"3701_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-022-00095-4","volume":"3","author":"AA Morgan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morgan AA, Abdi J, Syed MAQ, Kohen GE, Barlow P, Vizcaychipi MP (2022) Robots in healthcare: a scoping review. Curr Robot Rep 3(4):271\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43154-022-00095-4","journal-title":"Curr Robot Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"3701_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2314773","volume":"10","author":"A Krupa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krupa A, Folio D, Novales C, Vieyres P, Li T (2016) Robotized tele-echography: an assisting visibility tool to support expert diagnostic. IEEE Syst J 10(3):974\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2314773","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3109\/13645706.2014.992908","volume":"24","author":"R Monfaredi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Monfaredi R, Wilson E, Azizi Koutenaei B, Labrecque B, Leroy K, Goldie J, Louis E, Swerdlow D, Cleary K (2015) Robot-assisted ultrasound imaging: Overview and development of a parallel telerobotic system. Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies 24(1):54\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13645706.2014.992908","journal-title":"Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies"},{"key":"3701_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sengupta P.P, Narula N, Modesto K, Doukky R, Doherty S, Soble J, Narula J (2014) Feasibility of Intercity and Trans-Atlantic Telerobotic Remote Ultrasound: Assessment Facilitated by a Nondedicated Bandwidth Connection. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 7(8), 804\u2013809 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.03.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.03.014"},{"key":"3701_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Falleni S, Filippeschi A, Ruffaldi E, Avizzano CA (2017) Teleoperated multimodal robotic interface for telemedicine: A case study on remote auscultation. 26th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, Lisbon, Portugal, pp 476\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2017.8172345","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2017.8172345"},{"key":"3701_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathiassen K, Fjellin JE, Glette K, Hol PK, Elle OJ (2016) An Ultrasound Robotic System Using the Commercial Robot UR5. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2016.00001","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2016.00001"},{"key":"3701_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stollnberger G, Giuliani M, Mirnig N, Tscheligi M, Arent K, Kreczmer B, Grzeszczak F, Szczesniak-Stanczyk D, Zarczuk R, Wysokinski A (2016) Designing user interfaces for different user groups: A three-way teleconference system for doctors, patients and assistants using a Remote Medical robot. 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, pp 612\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2016.7745181","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2016.7745181"},{"issue":"2","key":"3701_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2006.08.062","volume":"569","author":"GA Triantafyllidis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Triantafyllidis GA, Thomos N, Canero C, Vieyres P, Strintzis MG (2006) A user interface for mobile robotized tele-echography. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res, Sect A 569(2):645\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nima.2006.08.062","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res, Sect A"},{"issue":"3","key":"3701_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0178","volume":"30","author":"MB Buntin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buntin MB, Burke MF, Hoaglin MC, Blumenthal D (2011) The benefits of health information technology: a review of the recent literature shows predominantly positive results. Health Aff 30(3):464\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0178","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"10","key":"3701_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00125","volume":"144","author":"B Chaudhry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chaudhry B, Wang J, Wu S, Maglione M, Mojica W, Roth E, Morton SC, Shekelle PG (2006) Systematic review: impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care. Ann Intern Med 144(10):742\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00125","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"3701_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTM.1998.002620","volume":"15","author":"B Shaw","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shaw B (1998) Innovation and new product development in the UK medical equipment industry. Int J Technol Manage 15(3\u20135):433\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/IJTM.1998.002620","journal-title":"Int J Technol Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"3701_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2014.06.023","volume":"72","author":"SG Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang SG, Ryu BJ, Yang KS, Ko YH, Cho S, Kang SH, Patel VR, Cheon J (2015) An effective repetitive training schedule to achieve skill proficiency using a novel robotic virtual reality simulator. J Surg Educ 72(3):369\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsurg.2014.06.023","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"3701_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2015.02.002","volume":"84","author":"L Ahmadian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmadian L, Salehi Nejad S, Khajouei R (2015) Evaluation methods used on health information systems (HISs) in Iran and the effects of HISs on Iranian healthcare: a systematic review. Int J Med Informatics 84(6):444\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2015.02.002","journal-title":"Int J Med Informatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"3701_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00493-3","volume":"17","author":"R Davis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davis R, Gardner J, Schnall R (2020) A review of usability evaluation methods and their use for testing eHealth HIV interventions. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep 17(3):203\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-020-00493-3","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"3701_CR34","unstructured":"Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, Giardina MD, Cannella GS (eds) (2024) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sixth, edition. SAGE, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"3701_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689806298224","volume":"1","author":"RB Johnson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnson RB, Onwuegbuzie AJ, Turner LA (2007) Toward a definition of mixed methods research. J Mixed Methods Res 1(2):112\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1558689806298224","journal-title":"J Mixed Methods Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3701_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634349","volume":"42","author":"AP Stoop","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stoop AP, Berg M (2003) Integrating quantitative and qualitative methods in patient care information system evaluation: guidance for the organizational decision maker. Methods Inf Med 42(4):458\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1634349","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181319631290","volume":"63","author":"L Schubel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schubel L, Littlejohn R, Barrientos RR, Arnold R, Capan M, Miller K (2019) Everything but the kitchen sink: a mixed methods approach to health IT usability testing. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annual Meet 63(1):718\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071181319631290","journal-title":"Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annual Meet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2006.12.24","volume":"12","author":"Z Tang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tang Z, Johnson TR, Tindall RD, Zhang J (2006) Applying Heuristic evaluation to improve the usability of a telemedicine system. Telemed e-Health 12(1):24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/tmj.2006.12.24","journal-title":"Telemed e-Health"},{"key":"3701_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2020.104117","volume":"137","author":"S Martikainen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martikainen S, Kaipio J, L\u00e4\u00e4veri T (2020) End-user participation in health information systems (HIS) development: physicians\u2019 and nurses\u2019 experiences. Int J Med Informatics 137:104117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2020.104117","journal-title":"Int J Med Informatics"},{"key":"3701_CR40","first-page":"205","volume":"130","author":"I Scandurra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scandurra I, H\u00e4gglund M, Engstr\u00f6m M, Koch S (2007) Heuristic evaluation performed by usability-educated clinicians: education and attitudes. Stud Health Technol Inform 130:205\u2013216","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"3701_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vehmas N, Kaipio J (2018) Physicians as usability evaluators \u2013 first aid for poor EHR usability? Finnish Journal of eHealth and eWelfare 10(2-3) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23996\/fjhw.69162","DOI":"10.23996\/fjhw.69162"},{"key":"3701_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dias CR, Pereira MR, Freire AP (2017) Qualitative review of usability problems in health information systems for radiology. J Biomed Inform 76:19\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.10.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.10.004"},{"key":"3701_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-052029-2.50007-3","volume-title":"Usability Engineering","author":"J Nielsen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nielsen J (1993) Usability Engineering. AP Professional, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"key":"3701_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nielsen J (1994) Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Boston, MA, USA, pp 152\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/191666.191729","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191729"},{"key":"3701_CR45","unstructured":"Brooke J (1996) SUS - A quick and dirty usability scale. Usability Evaluation in Industry"},{"key":"3701_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2024-1060","author":"S Kolb","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kolb S, Jurosch F, Kr\u00f6ger N, Mehmeti F, Bernhard L, Speidel S, Kellerer W, Wilhelm D (2024) 6G in clinical applications: integrating new network approaches in healthcare. Current Direct Biomed Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cdbme-2024-1060","journal-title":"Current Direct Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-024-03260-6","volume":"20","author":"S Kolb","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kolb S, Madden A, Kr\u00f6ger N, Mehmeti F, Jurosch F, Bernhard L, Kellerer W, Wilhelm D (2025) 6G in medical robotics: development of network allocation strategies for a telerobotic examination system. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 20(1):167\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-024-03260-6","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"3701_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1080\/10447310802205776","volume":"24","author":"A Bangor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bangor A, Kortum PT, Miller JT (2008) An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale. Int J Human-Comput Interact 24(6):574\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447310802205776","journal-title":"Int J Human-Comput Interact"},{"key":"3701_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bathelt F, Lorenz S, Weidner J, Sedlmayr M, Reinecke I (2025) Application of modular architectures in the medical domain - a scoping review. J Med Syst 49(1):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02158-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-025-02158-3"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03701-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03701-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03701-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T13:37:35Z","timestamp":1793453855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03701-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["3701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03701-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-6429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors (Sven Kolb, Marie Kautt, Lars Wagner, Simon Saurbier, Sven Matthiesen, Dirk Wilhelm, Carolin M\u00fcller) have no conflict of interest to declare that is relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Technical University of Munich (Date: 08.05.2025 \/ No. 2025-250-S-CB).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}