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A correspondence model based on an encoder\u2013decoder architecture was defined to map internal liver motion from ECG signals. Experimental validation was conducted through a human subject study involving eight participants performing various breathing patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean absolute error during normal breathing was 2.83\u00a0mm, while the overall error considering all breathing patterns was 4.02\u00a0mm with correlation coefficients above 0.90. More than 90% of predictions fell within reported acceptable error margins for needle insertion procedures. The model\u2019s performance reduces when the liver motion increases during deep breathing patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ECG can serve as a reliable noninvasive surrogate for predicting liver motion. This approach offers the advantage of being readily available in clinical settings and can provide accurate guidance for interventional procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-026-03773-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:01:11Z","timestamp":1786539671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Respiratory-induced liver motion prediction using ECG as surrogate signal"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Cord\u00f3n-Avila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lobke","family":"Stienstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharath","family":"Bhagavatula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Lopes Da Frota","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Momen","family":"Abayazid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3773_CR1","unstructured":"International agency for research on cancer (IARC): Global cancer observatory: cancer today\u2014liver cancer incidence and mortality (2022)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3773_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/ijtm3010005","volume":"2023","author":"NS Parra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parra NS, Ross HM, Khan A, Wu M, Goldberg R, Shah L, Mukhtar S, Beiriger J, Gerber A, Halegoua-DeMarzio D (2023) Advancements in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. 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