{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:18:20Z","timestamp":1788250700144,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001906","name":"Washington Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R25\u2011DC021791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25\u2011DC021791"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["1R01EB039035-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01EB039035-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incomplete dissection is a common cause of persistent disease and revision endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in chronic rhinosinusitis. Current image-guided surgery systems typically reference static preoperative CT (pCT) and do not model evolving resection boundaries. We present Virtual Intraoperative CT (viCT), a method for sequentially updating pCT throughout ESS using intraoperative 3D reconstructions from monocular endoscopic video to enable visualization of evolving anatomy in CT format.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Monocular endoscopic video is processed using a depth-supervised NeRF framework with virtual stereo synthesis to generate metrically scaled 3D reconstructions at multiple surgical intervals. Reconstructions undergo rigid, landmark-based registration in 3D Slicer guided by anatomical correspondences and are then voxelized into the pCT grid. viCT volumes were generated using a ray-based voxel occupancy comparison between pCT and reconstruction to delete outdated voxels and remap preserved anatomy and updated boundaries. Performance is evaluated in a cadaveric feasibility study of four specimens across four ESS stages using volumetric overlap (DSC and Jaccard) and surface metrics (HD95, Chamfer, MSD, and RMSD), alongside qualitative slice comparisons with ground-truth interval CT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      viCT updates show high volumetric agreement and submillimeter mean global surface error. The Dice Similarity Coefficient was\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$0.88 \\pm 0.05$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>0.88<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      , and the Jaccard Index was\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$0.79 \\pm 0.07$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>0.79<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>0.07<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      . The 95th-percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95) was\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$0.69 \\pm 0.28$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>0.69<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>0.28<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      \u00a0mm, Chamfer distance was\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$0.09 \\pm 0.05$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>0.09<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      \u00a0mm, mean surface distance (MSD) was\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$0.11 \\pm 0.05$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>0.11<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      \u00a0mm, and root-mean-square distance (RMSD) was\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$0.32 \\pm 0.10$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>0.32<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>0.10<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      \u00a0mm.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>viCT enables CT-format, sequential anatomic updating in an ESS setting without external tracking or additional intraoperative imaging. Future work will focus on fully automating registration, expanding validation in live cases, and optimizing runtime for intraoperative deployment<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-026-03783-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T19:14:22Z","timestamp":1788203662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual intraoperative CT (viCT): sequential anatomic updates for modeling tissue resection throughout endoscopic sinus surgery"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-0273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Gunderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham J.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Ruthberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall A.","family":"Bly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed M.","family":"Abuzeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Seibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"3783_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avants BB, Tustison NJ, Song G (2009) Advanced normalization tools (ants). 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Other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This retrospective cadaveric study was reviewed by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board and determined exempt (Study No. 00020338). The study involved only human cadaveric specimens and de-identified imaging data; the requirement for informed consent to participate was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}