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Ten independent mandibles (five male and five female) were divided into three fragments and displaced. Reduction jointly optimized SSM coefficients and fragment transformations using the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy. Paired results were compared using exact two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The male, female, and combined-sex SSMs required 28, 32, and 29 principal components, respectively, to reach 95% cumulative explained variance. Using the sex-specific SSMs, the mean symmetric chamfer distance and symmetric root-mean-square error were 0.712 \u00b1 0.210\u00a0mm and 0.855 \u00b1 0.231\u00a0mm, respectively, compared with 0.778 \u00b1 0.309\u00a0mm and 0.937 \u00b1 0.358\u00a0mm using the combined-sex SSM. Although the sex-specific SSMs yielded numerically lower mean errors, the differences were not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.232 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.193, respectively). Computation time was approximately 23\u00a0min per reduction run.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The framework achieved near-millimetric accuracy, supporting the technical feasibility of automated virtual mandibular reduction under controlled conditions. Sex-specific SSMs yielded numerically lower errors than the combined-sex SSM, without a statistically significant advantage. Larger validation cohorts and real-fracture studies are required before clinical application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-026-03806-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:59:18Z","timestamp":1792497558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated virtual reduction of pseudo-fractured mandibles using sex-specific statistical shape models: a proof-of-concept study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1111-3508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiki","family":"Morita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Nemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Otake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yotaro","family":"Tsunoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ushio","family":"Hanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3806_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1735818","volume":"35","author":"K Panesar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panesar K, Susarla SM (2021) Mandibular fractures: diagnosis and management. 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