{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T21:27:11Z","timestamp":1789853231611,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PP00P1_163745"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP00P1_163745"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SNIS","award":["Call for Projects 2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Call for Projects 2014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-LABX-14-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-14-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009068","name":"Universit\u00e4t Bern","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev Int Organ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We explore the impact of the introduction and design of labor clauses (LCs) in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on bilateral trade flows over the period 1990\u20132014. While it is not a priori clear if the inclusion of LCs in PTAs will decrease or increase bilateral trade, we expect the direction of trade to matter, that is, we expect to observe the (negative or positive) impact of LCs in the South-North trade configuration. We also expect, in that configuration, stronger LCs to yield stronger (negative or positive) effects on bilateral trade flows. Using a novel dataset on the content of labor provisions in PTAs, we find in line with our first expectation that while the introduction of LCs has on average no impact on bilateral trade flows, it increases exports of low and middle-income countries with weaker labor standards in North\u2013South trade agreements. Consistent with our second expectation, this positive impact is mostly driven by LCs with institutionalized cooperation provisions. In contrast, LCs with strong enforcement mechanisms do not have a statistically significant impact on exports of developing countries in North\u2013South PTAs. The results are inconsistent with the ideas that LCs are set for protectionist reasons or have protectionist effects, casting doubt on the logic for the reluctance of many developing countries to include LCs in their trade agreements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-021-09423-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T01:02:24Z","timestamp":1622250144000},"page":"453-483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Labor clauses in trade agreements: Hidden protectionism?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Carr\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Olarreaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2715-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Raess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"9423_CR1","unstructured":"Aggarwal, M. (1995). International Trade, Labor Standards, and Labor Market Conditions: An Evaluation of the Linkages. Working Paper 95\u201306-C. US ITC, Office of Economics."},{"issue":"4","key":"9423_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793919894240","volume":"73","author":"M Amengual","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amengual, M., Distelhorst, G., & Tobin, D. (2020). Global Purchasing as Labor Regulation: The Missing Middle. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 73(4), 817\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0019793919894240","journal-title":"Industrial & Labor Relations Review"},{"key":"9423_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderson, J., & van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle. American Economic Review, 93(1), 170\u2013192. https:\/\/www.aeaweb.orghttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/000282803321455214","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455214"},{"key":"9423_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-050317-070708","volume":"22","author":"L Baccini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baccini, L. (2019). The Economics and Politics of Preferential Trade Agreements. Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 75\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-polisci-050317-070708","journal-title":"Annual Review of Political Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9423_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2006.02.005","volume":"71","author":"SL Baier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baier, S. L., & Bergstrand, J. H. (2007). Do free trade agreements actually increase members\u2019 international trade? Journal of International Economics, 71(1), 72\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinteco.2006.02.005","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"9423_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartley, T. (2018). Rules without Rights: Land, Labor, and Private Authority in the Global Economy. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198794332.001.0001"},{"issue":"4","key":"9423_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-019-09356-y","volume":"15","author":"I Bastiaens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bastiaens, I., & Postnikov, E. (2020). Social standards in trade agreements and free trade preferences: An empirical investigation. The Review of International Organizations, 15(4), 793\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11558-019-09356-y","journal-title":"The Review of International Organizations"},{"key":"9423_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, A., Brandi, C., Morin, J.-F., & Schwab, J. (2020). The Trade Effects of Environmental Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements. In C. Beverelli, J. Kurtz, & D. Raess (Eds.), International Trade, Investment, and the Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 111\u2013139). Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108881364.006"},{"issue":"6","key":"9423_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9701.1995.tb00329.x","volume":"18","author":"J Bhagwati","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bhagwati, J. (1995). Trade Liberalization and \u2018Fair Trade\u2019 Demands: Addressing the Environmental and Labour Standards Issues. World Economy, 18(6), 745\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9701.1995.tb00329.x","journal-title":"World Economy"},{"key":"9423_CR10","unstructured":"Broken Promises: Decades of Failure to Enforce Labor Standards in Free Trade Agreements, prepared by the Staff of Sen. Elizabeth Warren. Available at: https:\/\/www.warren.senate.gov\/files\/documents\/BrokenPromises.pdf"},{"key":"9423_CR11","unstructured":"Brown, D. K. (2000). International Trade and Core Labour Standards: A Survey of the Recent Literature. OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers 43. Paris: OECD."},{"key":"9423_CR12","unstructured":"Brown, D., Dehejia, R., & Robertson, R. (2013). Is there an efficiency case for international labour standards? Better Work Discussion Paper Series No. 12."},{"issue":"11","key":"9423_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(02)00117-1","volume":"30","author":"M Busse","year":"2002","unstructured":"Busse, M. (2002). Do Labor Standards Affect Comparative Advantage in Developing Countries? World Development, 30(11), 1921\u20131932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0305-750X(02)00117-1","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9423_CR14","first-page":"199","volume":"22","author":"L Compa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Compa, L., & Vogt, J. (2001). Labor Rights in the Generalized System of Preferences: A 20 Year Review. Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 22(2\u20133), 199\u2013238","journal-title":"Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"9423_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9396.2009.00877.x","volume":"18","author":"M Cipollina","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cipollina, M., & Salvatici, L. (2010). Reciprocal Trade Agreements in Gravity Models: A Meta-Analysis. Review of International Economics, 18(1), 63\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9396.2009.00877.x","journal-title":"Review of International Economics"},{"key":"9423_CR16","unstructured":"da Motta Veiga, P. & Rios, S. P. (2008). Trade and development: the rising importance of sustainable development in the Latin American trade agenda. Brev\u00edssimos cindes 01, Center for Integration and Development Studies (CINDES), December."},{"issue":"3","key":"9423_CR17","first-page":"478","volume":"88","author":"D Davis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davis, D. (1998). Does European unemployment prop up American Wages? National labor markets and global trade. American Economic Review, 88(3), 478\u2013494","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"9423_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dewan, S., & Ronconi, L. (2018). U.S. Free Trade Agreements and Enforcement of Labor Law in Latin America. Industrial Relations, 57(1), 35\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irel.12199","DOI":"10.1111\/irel.12199"},{"issue":"3","key":"9423_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12372","volume":"62","author":"G Distelhorst","year":"2018","unstructured":"Distelhorst, G., & Locke, R. M. (2018). Does Compliance Pay? Social Standards and Firm-level Trade. American Journal of Political Science, 62(3), 695\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajps.12372","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"9423_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-017-9283-2","volume":"13","author":"D Donno","year":"2018","unstructured":"Donno, D., & Neureiter, M. (2018). Can human rights conditionality reduce repression? Examining the European Union\u2019s economic agreements. Review of International Organizations, 13(3), 335\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11558-017-9283-2","journal-title":"Review of International Organizations"},{"issue":"3","key":"9423_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-013-9179-8","volume":"9","author":"A D\u00fcr","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u00fcr, A., Baccini, L., & Elsig, M. (2014). The Design of International Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Database. Review of International Organizations, 9(3), 353\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11558-013-9179-8","journal-title":"Review of International Organizations"},{"key":"9423_CR22","unstructured":"Ehrlich, S. D. (2018). The Politics of Fair Trade: Moving Beyond Free Trade & Protection. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9423_CR23","unstructured":"Elliott, K., & Freeman, R. (2003). Can Labor Standards Improve Under Globalization? Institute for International Economics."},{"key":"9423_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golub, S. (1997). International Labor Standards and International Trade. IMF Working Paper 97\/37. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.","DOI":"10.5089\/9781451845532.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"9423_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055409990116","volume":"103","author":"B Greenhill","year":"2009","unstructured":"Greenhill, B., Mosley, L., & Prakash, A. (2009). Trade-based Diffusion of Labor Rights: A Panel Study, 1986\u20132002. American Political Science Review, 103(4), 669\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0003055409990116","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"9423_CR26","unstructured":"Hafner-Burton, E. (2009). Forced to Be Good: Why Trade Agreements Boost Human Rights. Cornell University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9423_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818305050216","volume":"59","author":"E Hafner-Burton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hafner-Burton, E. (2005). Trading human rights: How preferential trade agreements influence government repression. International Organization, 59(3), 593\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0020818305050216","journal-title":"International Organization"},{"issue":"5","key":"9423_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002718783236","volume":"63","author":"E Hafner-Burton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hafner-Burton, E., Mosley, L., & Galantucci, R. (2019). Protecting Workers Abroad and Industries at Home: Rights-based Conditionality in Trade Preference Programs. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63(5), 1253\u20131282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022002718783236","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"key":"9423_CR29","unstructured":"Hainmueller, J., & Hiscox, M. J. (2015). The Socially Conscious Consumer? Field Experimental Tests of Consumer Support for Fair Labor Standards. Working Paper. Available at: https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/hiscox\/files\/socially_conscious_consumer.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"9423_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818306060140","volume":"60","author":"J Hainmueller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hainmueller, J., & Hiscox, M. J. (2006). Learning to Love Globalization: Education and Individual Attitudes Toward International Trade. International Organization, 60(2), 469\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0020818306060140","journal-title":"International Organization"},{"key":"9423_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Head, K., & Mayer, T. (2014). Gravity Equations: Workhorse, Toolkit, and Cookbook.\u00a0In G. Gopinath, E. Helpman, & K. Rogoff (Eds.), Handbook of\u00a0International Economics (vol. 4, pp. 131\u2013195).\u00a0Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-54314-1.00003-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"9423_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022381610000599","volume":"72","author":"DW Hill","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hill, D. W. (2010). Estimating the Effects of Human Rights Treaties on State Behavior. Journal of Politics, 72(4), 1161\u20131174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022381610000599","journal-title":"Journal of Politics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9423_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474745618000071","volume":"18","author":"C Hofmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hofmann, C., Osnago, A., & Ruta, M. (2019). The Content of Preferential Trade Agreements. World Trade Review, 18(3), 365\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1474745618000071","journal-title":"World Trade Review"},{"key":"9423_CR34","unstructured":"ILO. (2017). Handbook on assessment of labor provisions in trade and investment arrangements. ILO."},{"key":"9423_CR35","unstructured":"ILO. (2016). Assessment of labor provisions in trade and investment agreements. ILO."},{"key":"9423_CR36","unstructured":"ILO. (2013). Social dimensions of free trade agreements. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO."},{"key":"9423_CR37","unstructured":"Kamata, I. (2018). Can RTA labor provisions prevent the deterioration of domestic labor standards?: the cases of statutory minimum wages and employment protection regulations. IDE Discussion Paper No. 716, Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO: Niigata, Japan."},{"key":"9423_CR38","unstructured":"Kamata, I. (2016). Labor Clauses in Regional Trade Agreements and Effects on Labor Conditions: An Empirical Analysis. IDE Discussion Paper No. 609."},{"key":"9423_CR39","unstructured":"Keefer, P. (2012). Database of Political Institutions: Changes and Variable Definitions. World Bank."},{"issue":"4","key":"9423_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2478.2012.00758.x","volume":"56","author":"M Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, M. (2012). Ex Ante Due Diligence: Formation of PTAs and Protection of Labor Rights. International Studies Quarterly, 56(4), 704\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2478.2012.00758.x","journal-title":"International Studies Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"9423_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/ilr.12084","volume":"158","author":"D Kucera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kucera, D., & Sari, D. (2019). New Labour Rights Indicators: Method and Trends for 2000\u20132015. International Labour Review, 158(3), 419\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ilr.12084","journal-title":"International Labour Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"9423_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-018-9299-2","volume":"13","author":"L Lechner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lechner, L. (2018). Good for some, bad for others: US investors and non-trade issues in preferential trade agreements. Review of International Organizations, 13(2), 163\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11558-018-9299-2","journal-title":"Review of International Organizations"},{"issue":"5","key":"9423_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1080\/09692290.2016.1231130","volume":"23","author":"L Lechner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lechner, L. (2016). The domestic battle over the design of non-trade issues in preferential trade agreements. Review of International Political Economy, 23(5), 840\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09692290.2016.1231130","journal-title":"Review of International Political Economy"},{"key":"9423_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locke, R. M. (2013). The Promise and Limits of Private Power: Promoting Labor Standards in a Global Economy. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139381840"},{"issue":"3","key":"9423_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12370","volume":"62","author":"EJ Malesky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malesky, E. J., & Mosley, L. (2018). Chains of Love? Global Production and the Firm-Level Diffusion of Labor Standards. American Journal of Political Science, 62(3), 712\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajps.12370","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"key":"9423_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mansfield, E. D., & Mutz, D. C. (2013). Us vs. Them: Mass Attitudes toward Offshore Outsourcing. World Politics,\u00a065(4), 571\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0043887113000191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043887113000191"},{"key":"9423_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, T., & Zignago, S. (2011). Notes on CEPII\u2019s distances measures: the GeoDist Database. CEPII Working Paper 2011\u201325.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1994531"},{"issue":"4","key":"9423_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002716662687","volume":"62","author":"K Milewicz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Milewicz, K., Hollway, J., Peacock, C., & Snidal, D. (2018). Beyond Trade: The Expanding Scope of the Non-Trade Agenda in Trade Agreements. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(4), 743\u2013773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022002716662687","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"key":"9423_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orbie, J., Van den Putte, L., & Martens, D. (2018). Civil Society Meetings in EU Free Trade Agreements: The Purposes Unravelled. In H. G\u00f6tt (Ed.), Labour Standards in International Economic Law (pp. 135\u2013152). Springer International Publishing AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69447-4_8"},{"issue":"2","key":"9423_CR50","first-page":"675","volume":"49","author":"P Paiement","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paiement, P. (2018). Leveraging trade agreements for labor law enforcement: Drawing lessons from the US-Guatemala CAFTA dispute. Georgetown Journal of International Law, 49(2), 675\u2013692","journal-title":"Georgetown Journal of International Law"},{"issue":"25","key":"9423_CR51","first-page":"261","volume":"10","author":"A Panagariya","year":"2006","unstructured":"Panagariya, A. (2006). Trade and Labor: A Trade Economist\u2019s View. Integration & Trade, 10(25), 261\u2013279","journal-title":"Integration & Trade"},{"key":"9423_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pevehouse, J. (2005). Democracy from Above? Regional Organizations and Democratization. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511491078"},{"key":"9423_CR53","unstructured":"Polaski, S. (2003). Protecting Labor Rights through Trade Agreements: An Analytical Guide. U.C. Davis Journal of International Law & Policy, 10(1), 13\u201325."},{"key":"9423_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Posso, A. (2017). Preferential trade agreements with labour provisions and child labour: evidence from Asia and the Pacific. Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 24(2), 89\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18356\/5c145b30-en","DOI":"10.18356\/5c145b30-en"},{"issue":"2","key":"9423_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/1369148120910991","volume":"22","author":"E Postnikov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Postnikov, E., & Bastiaens, I. (2020). Social protectionist bias: The domestic politics of North-South trade agreements. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(2), 347\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1369148120910991","journal-title":"The British Journal of Politics and International Relations"},{"issue":"6","key":"9423_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1080\/13501763.2014.910869","volume":"21","author":"E Postnikov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Postnikov, E., & Bastiaens, I. (2014). Does dialogue work? The effectiveness of labor standards in EU preferential trade agreements. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(6), 923\u2013940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13501763.2014.910869","journal-title":"Journal of European Public Policy"},{"key":"9423_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raess, D., D\u00fcr, A., & Sari, D. (2018). Protecting labor rights in preferential trade agreements: The role of trade unions, left governments, and skilled labor. Review of International Organizations, 13(2), 143\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11558-018-9301-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-018-9301-z"},{"key":"9423_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raess, D., & Sari, D. (2018). Labor Provisions in Trade Agreements (LABPTA): Introducing a New Dataset. Global Policy, 9(4), 451\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1758-5899.12577","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.12577"},{"key":"9423_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raess, D., & Sari, D. (2020a). Labor Market Regulations. In A. Mattoo, N. Rocha, & M. Ruta (Eds.), Handbook of Deep Trade Agreements (pp. 583\u2013606). World Bank. https:\/\/pubdocs.worldbank.org\/en\/682761607633288040\/Chapter-19-Labor-Market-Regulations.pdf","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1539-3_ch19"},{"key":"9423_CR60","unstructured":"Raess, D., & Sari, D. (2020b). Do labor provisions in PTAs reduce labor rights violations? The role of institutionalized cooperation. Working Paper."},{"issue":"S1","key":"9423_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818316000394","volume":"71","author":"S Rho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rho, S., & Tomz, M. (2017). Why Don\u2019t Trade Preferences Reflect Economic Self-Interest? International Organization, 71(S1), S85\u2013S108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0020818316000394","journal-title":"International Organization"},{"key":"9423_CR62","unstructured":"Rodrik, D. (1996). Labor Standards in International Trade: Do They Matter and What Do We Do About Them? In R. Z. Lawrence, D. Rodrik, & J. Whalley (Eds.), Emerging Agenda for Global Trade: High Stakes for Developing Countries (pp. 35\u201379). Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"9423_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1162\/002081802320005522","volume":"56","author":"N Rudra","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rudra, N. (2002). Globalization and the Decline of the Welfare State in Less-Developed Countries. International Organization, 56(2), 411\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/002081802320005522","journal-title":"International Organization"},{"issue":"4","key":"9423_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.88.4.641","volume":"88","author":"JMC Santos Silva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Santos Silva, J. M. C., & Tenreyro, S. (2006). The Log of Gravity. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(4), 641\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/rest.88.4.641","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9423_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/rego.12008","volume":"7","author":"A Schrank","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schrank, A. (2013). From disguised protectionism to rewarding regulation: The impact of trade-related labor standards in the Dominican Republic. Regulation & Governance, 7(3), 299\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rego.12008","journal-title":"Regulation & Governance"},{"key":"9423_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-012-9155-8","volume":"8","author":"G Spilker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spilker, G., & B\u00f6hmelt, T. (2013). The Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Governmental Repression Revisited. Review of International Organizations, 8, 343\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11558-012-9155-8","journal-title":"Review of International Organizations"},{"key":"9423_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stock, J. H., & Yogo, M. (2005). Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression. In D. W. K. Andrews, & J.H. Stock (Eds.), Identification and\u00a0Inference for Econometric Models: Essays in Honor of Thomas\u00a0Rothenberg (pp. 80\u2013108).\u00a0Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511614491.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"9423_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10290-009-0010-9","volume":"145","author":"V Vicard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vicard, V. (2009). On trade creation and regional trade agreements: does depth matter? Review of World Economics, 145(2), 167\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10290-009-0010-9","journal-title":"Review of World Economics"}],"container-title":["The Review of International Organizations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11558-021-09423-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11558-021-09423-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11558-021-09423-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T16:14:59Z","timestamp":1655136899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11558-021-09423-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["9423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11558-021-09423-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-7431","1559-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-7431","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}