{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T08:05:36Z","timestamp":1766736336719,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Neurodyn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-025-10397-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T06:22:14Z","timestamp":1766730134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does learning a second or third language affect the adaptation of cognitive control in multilinguals? A longitudinal fMRI study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zehui","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Schwieter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9709-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huanhuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/15235882.2010.502797","volume":"33","author":"S Abu-Rabia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abu-Rabia S, Sanitsky E (2010) Advantages of bilinguals over monolinguals in learning a third language. Biling Res J 33(2):173\u2013199","journal-title":"Biling Res J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.08.018","volume":"49","author":"J Abutalebi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abutalebi J, Della Rosa P, Ding G, Weekes B, Costa A, Green D (2013) Language proficiency modulates the engagement of cognitive control areas in multilinguals. Cortex 49(3):905\u2013911","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"10397_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728916000225","volume":"19","author":"J Abutalebi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abutalebi J, Green D (2016) Neuroimaging of language control in bilinguals: neural adaptation and reserve. Biling Lang Cogn 19(4):689\u2013698","journal-title":"Biling Lang Cogn"},{"key":"10397_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.023","volume":"117","author":"J Anderson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson J, Chung-Fat-Yim A, Bellana B, Luk G, Bialystok E (2018) Language and cognitive control networks in bilinguals and monolinguals. Neuropsychologia 117:352\u2013363","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10397_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728914000777","volume":"18","author":"M Antoniou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antoniou M, Liang E, Ettlinger M, Wong P (2015) The bilingual advantage in phonetic learning. Biling Lang Cogn 18(4):683\u2013695","journal-title":"Biling Lang Cogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"10397_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.003","volume":"18","author":"A Aron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aron A, Robbins T, Poldrack R (2014) Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on. Trends Cogn Sci 18(4):177\u2013185","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10397_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2012.01243.x","volume":"36","author":"J Bartolotti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bartolotti J, Marian V (2012) Language learning and control in monolinguals and bilinguals. Cogn Sci 36(6):1129\u20131147","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10397_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67:1\u201348","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"10397_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000099","volume":"143","author":"E Bialystok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bialystok E (2017) The bilingual adaptation: how minds accommodate experience. Psychol Bull 143:233\u2013262","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728915000887","volume":"20","author":"E Bialystok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bialystok E, Hawrylewicz K, Wiseheart M, Toplak M (2017) Interaction of bilingualism and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in young adults. Biling Lang Cogn 20(3):588\u2013601","journal-title":"Biling Lang Cogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"10397_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00041","volume":"2","author":"E Blanco-Elorrieta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blanco-Elorrieta E, Caramazza A (2021) On the need for theoretically guided approaches to possible bilingual advantages: an evaluation of the potential loci in the language and executive control systems. Neurobiol Lang 2(4):452\u2013463","journal-title":"Neurobiol Lang"},{"issue":"12","key":"10397_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.10.001","volume":"22","author":"E Blanco-Elorrieta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blanco-Elorrieta E, Pylkk\u00e4nen L (2018) Ecological validity in bilingualism research and the bilingual advantage. Trends Cogn Sci 22(12):1117\u20131126","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10397_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00552","volume":"8","author":"E Blom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blom E, Boerma T, Bosma E, Cornips L, Everaert E (2017) Cognitive advantages of bilingual children in different sociolinguistic contexts. Front Psychol 8:552","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.624","volume":"108","author":"M Botvinick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Botvinick M, Braver T, Barch D, Carter C, Cohen J (2001) Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychol Rev 108(3):624","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10397_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3214","volume":"13","author":"E Bullmore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bullmore E, Sporns O (2012) The economy of brain network organization. Nat Rev Neurosci 13:336\u2013349","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10397_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12245","volume":"18","author":"F Cao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cao F, Brennan C, Booth J (2015) The brain adapts to orthography with experience: evidence from English and Chinese. Dev Sci 18(5):785\u2013798","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"10397_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120085","volume":"273","author":"F Carter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carter F, DeLuca V, Segaert K, Mazaheri A, Krott A (2023) Functional neural architecture of cognitive control mediates the relationship between individual differences in bilingual experience and behaviour. Neuroimage 273:120085","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/13670069030070010501","volume":"7","author":"J Cenoz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cenoz J (2003) The additive effect of bilingualism on third language acquisition: a review. Int J Biling 7(1):71\u201387","journal-title":"Int J Biling"},{"key":"10397_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0261444811000218","volume":"46","author":"J Cenoz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cenoz J (2013) The influence of bilingualism on third language acquisition: focus on multilingualism. Lang Teach 46:71\u201386","journal-title":"Lang Teach"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2234-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"X Chai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chai X, Berken J, Barbeau E, Soles J, Callahan M, Chen J, Klein D (2016) Intrinsic functional connectivity in the adult brain and success in second-language learning. J Neurosci 36(3):755\u2013761","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10397_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3709","volume":"15","author":"A Costa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Costa A, Sebasti\u00e1n-Gall\u00e9s N (2014) How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain? Nat Rev Neurosci 15:336\u2013345","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10397_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.013","volume":"125","author":"N de Boer","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Boer N, Schluter R, Daams J, van der Werf Y, Goudriaan A, van Holst R (2021) The effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on executive functioning in healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 125:122\u2013147","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10397_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2022.104386","volume":"128","author":"A de Bruin","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Bruin A, Hoversten LJ, Martin CD (2023) Interference between non-native languages during trilingual language production. J Mem Lang 128:104386","journal-title":"J Mem Lang"},{"issue":"5","key":"10397_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728916000201","volume":"19","author":"E de Leeuw","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Leeuw E, Bogulski CA (2016) Frequent L2 language use enhances executive control in bilinguals. Biling Lang Cogn 19(5):907\u2013913","journal-title":"Biling Lang Cogn"},{"issue":"7","key":"10397_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy175","volume":"29","author":"N Del Maschio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Del Maschio N, Sulpizio S, Fedeli D, Ramanujan K, Ding G, Weekes B, Cachia A, Abutalebi J (2019) ACC sulcal patterns and their modulation on cognitive control efficiency across lifespan: a neuroanatomical study on bilinguals and monolinguals. Cereb Cortex 29(7):3091\u20133101","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"15","key":"10397_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811513116","volume":"116","author":"V DeLuca","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeLuca V, Rothman J, Bialystok E, Pliatsikas C (2019) Redefining bilingualism as a spectrum of experiences that differentially affects brain structure and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(15):7565\u20137574","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10397_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116222","volume":"204","author":"V DeLuca","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeLuca V, Rothman J, Bialystok E, Pliatsikas C (2020) Duration and extent of bilingual experience modulate neurocognitive outcomes. Neuroimage 204:116222","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9030027","volume":"9","author":"M den Van Noort","year":"2019","unstructured":"den Van Noort M, Struys E, Bosch P, Jaswetz L, Perriard B, Yeo S, Barisch P, Vermeire K, Lee S-H, Lim S (2019) Does the bilingual advantage in cognitive control exist and if so, what are its modulating factors? A systematic review. Behav Sci 9(3):27","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/09658410902928479","volume":"18","author":"A Dillon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dillon A (2009) Metalinguistic awareness and evidence of cross-linguistic influence among bilingual learners in Irish primary schools. Lang Aware 18(2):182\u2013197","journal-title":"Lang Aware"},{"key":"10397_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-019-01567-z","volume":"26","author":"S Donnelly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Donnelly S, Brooks PJ, Homer BD (2019) Is there a bilingual advantage on interference-control tasks? A multiverse meta-analysis of global reaction time and interference cost. Psychon Bull Rev 26:1122\u20131147","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.09.007","volume":"24","author":"T Egner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Egner T, Hirsch J (2005) The neural correlates and functional integration of cognitive control in a Stroop task. Neuroimage 24(2):539\u2013547","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"12","key":"10397_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02224.x","volume":"19","author":"K Emmorey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Emmorey K, Luk G, Pyers J, Bialystok E (2008) The source of enhanced cognitive control in bilinguals: evidence from bimodal bilinguals. Psychol Sci 19(12):1201\u20131206","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203267","volume":"16","author":"B Eriksen","year":"1974","unstructured":"Eriksen B, Eriksen C (1974) Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Percept Psychophys 16(1):143\u2013149","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1319","volume":"18","author":"J Fan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fan J, Flombaum J, McCandliss B, Thomas K, Posner M (2003) Cognitive and brain consequences of conflict. Neuroimage 18(1):42\u201357","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"34","key":"10397_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12941","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605493103","volume":"103","author":"J Fincham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fincham J, Anderson J (2006) Distinct roles of the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in the acquisition and performance of a cognitive skill. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(34):12941\u201312946","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01132-0","volume":"47","author":"N Friedman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Friedman N, Robbins T (2022) The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function. Neuropsychopharmacology 47(1):72\u201389","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.03.011","volume":"119","author":"G Garbin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garbin G, Costa A, Sanjuan A, Forn C, Rodriguez-Pujadas A, Ventura N, Belloch V, Hernandez M, \u00c1vila C (2011) Neural bases of language switching in high and early proficient bilinguals. Brain Lang 119(3):129\u2013135","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2015.1068944","volume":"31","author":"L Garc\u00eda-Pent\u00f3n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Pent\u00f3n L, Fernandez Garcia Y, Costello B, Du\u00f1abeitia J, Carreiras M (2016) The neuroanatomy of bilingualism: how to turn a hazy view into the full picture. Lang Cogn Neurosci 31(3):303\u2013327","journal-title":"Lang Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10397_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2013.796377","volume":"25","author":"D Green","year":"2013","unstructured":"Green D, Abutalebi J (2013) Language control in bilinguals: the adaptive control hypothesis. J Cogn Psychol 25(5):515\u2013530","journal-title":"J Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728919000567","volume":"23","author":"S Grey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grey S (2020) What can artificial languages reveal about morphosyntactic processing in bilinguals? Biling Lang Cogn 23(1):81\u201386","journal-title":"Biling Lang Cogn"},{"issue":"5","key":"10397_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728917000426","volume":"21","author":"S Grey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grey S, Sanz C, Morgan-Short K, Ullman M (2018) Bilingual and monolingual adults learning an additional language: erps reveal differences in syntactic processing. Biling Lang Cogn 21(5):970\u2013994","journal-title":"Biling Lang Cogn"},{"key":"10397_CR42","volume-title":"The psycholinguistics of bilingualism","author":"F Grosjean","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grosjean F, Li P (2013) The psycholinguistics of bilingualism. Wiley"},{"issue":"4","key":"10397_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/14790718.2019.1617717","volume":"16","author":"MD Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttir MD, Lesk VE (2019) Does the bilingual advantage extend to trilingualism? Int J Multiling 16(4):549\u2013562","journal-title":"Int J Multiling"},{"issue":"12","key":"10397_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000301","volume":"146","author":"H Gunnerud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gunnerud H, ten Braak D, Reiker\u00e5s E, Donolato E, Melby-Lerv\u00e5g M (2020) Is bilingualism related to a cognitive advantage in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 146(12):1059\u20131083","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"38","key":"10397_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16494","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008121107","volume":"107","author":"G Hartwigsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hartwigsen G, Baumgaertner A, Price C, Koehnke M, Ulmer S, Siebner H (2010) Phonological decisions require both the left and right supramarginal gyri. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(38):16494\u201316499","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10397_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-011-0116-7","volume":"18","author":"M Hilchey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hilchey M, Klein R (2011) Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes. Psychon Bull Rev 18:625\u2013658","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"10397_CR47","unstructured":"Igarashi Y (2007) The changing role of katakana in the Japanese writing system. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Victoria"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2017.1319902","volume":"25","author":"S Incera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Incera S, McLennan C (2018) Bilingualism and age are continuous variables that influence executive function. Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 25(3):443\u2013463","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol Cogn"},{"issue":"12","key":"10397_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5859","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23765","volume":"38","author":"C Kang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang C, Fu Y, Wu J, Ma F, Lu C, Guo T (2017) Short-term language switching training tunes the neural correlates of cognitive control in bilingual language production. Hum Brain Mapp 38(12):5859\u20135870","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10397_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2167\/ijm099.0","volume":"4","author":"C Kemp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kemp C (2007) Strategic processing in grammar learning: do multilinguals use more strategies? Int J Multiling 4:241\u2013261","journal-title":"Int J Multiling"},{"key":"10397_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104575","volume":"209","author":"S Kheder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kheder S, Kaan E (2021) Cognitive control in bilinguals: proficiency and code-switching both matter. Cognition 209:104575","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"13","key":"10397_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","volume":"82","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff P, Christensen R (2017) LmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. J Stat Softw 82(13):1\u201326","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"10397_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2018.09.004","volume":"134","author":"J Legault","year":"2019","unstructured":"Legault J, Fang S, Lan Y, Li P (2019a) Structural brain changes as a function of second Language vocabulary training: effects of learning context. Brain Cogn 134:90\u2013102","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"10397_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104661","volume":"197","author":"J Legault","year":"2019","unstructured":"Legault J, Grant A, Fang SY, Li P (2019b) A longitudinal investigation of structural brain changes during second language learning. Brain Lang 197:104661","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"4","key":"10397_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000142","volume":"144","author":"M Lehtonen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lehtonen M, Soveri A, Laine A, J\u00e4rvenp\u00e4\u00e4 J, De Bruin A, Antfolk J (2018) Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull 144(4):394","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10397_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107688","volume":"150","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Jiao L, Li Z, Timmer K, Wang R (2021a) Language control network adapts to second language learning: a longitudinal rs-fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 150:107688","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10397_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2021.105015","volume":"222","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Jiao L, Timmer K, Wang R (2021b) Structural brain changes with second language learning: a longitudinal voxel-based morphometry study. Brain Lang 222:105015","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2010.09.004","volume":"74","author":"G Luk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Luk G, Anderson J, Craik F, Grady C, Bialystok E (2010) Distinct neural correlates for two types of inhibition in bilinguals: response inhibition versus interference suppression. Brain Cogn 74(3):347\u2013357","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.04.011","volume":"106","author":"W Notebaert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Notebaert W, Verguts T (2008) Cognitive control acts locally. Cognition 106(2):1071\u20131080","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10397_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.04.014","volume":"69","author":"K Paap","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paap K, Johnson H, Sawi O (2015) Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances. Cortex 69:265\u2013278","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10397_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55152-0","volume-title":"Script effects as the hidden drive of the mind, cognition, and culture","author":"H Pae","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pae H (2020) Script effects as the hidden drive of the mind, cognition, and culture. Springer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10397_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021818796475","volume":"72","author":"A Papageorgiou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papageorgiou A, Bright P, Periche Tomas E, Filippi R (2019) Evidence against a cognitive advantage in the older bilingual population. Q J Experimental Psychol 72(6):1354\u20131363","journal-title":"Q J Experimental Psychol"},{"key":"10397_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-004-2344-y","volume":"18","author":"C Perfetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perfetti C, Liu Y (2005) Orthography to phonology and meaning: comparisons across and within writing systems. Read Writ 18:193\u2013210","journal-title":"Read Writ"},{"key":"10397_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150525","volume":"35","author":"S Petersen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petersen S, Posner M (2012) The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annu Rev Neurosci 35:73\u201389","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10397_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22036","volume":"34","author":"A Philipp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Philipp A, Weidner R, Koch I, Fink G (2013) Differential roles of inferior frontal and inferior parietal cortex in task switching: evidence from stimulus-categorization switching and response\u2010modality switching. Hum Brain Mapp 34(8):1910\u20131920","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728919000130","volume":"23","author":"C Pliatsikas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pliatsikas C (2020) Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: the dynamic restructuring model. Biling Lang Cogn 23(2):459\u2013471","journal-title":"Biling Lang Cogn"},{"key":"10397_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2014.12.003","volume":"35","author":"GJ Poarch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poarch GJ, Bialystok E (2015) Bilingualism as a model for multitasking. Dev Rev 35:113\u2013124","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10397_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.06.013","volume":"113","author":"GJ Poarch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Poarch GJ, van Hell JG (2012) Executive functions and inhibitory control in multilingual children: evidence from second-language learners, bilinguals, and trilinguals. J Exp Child Psychol 113(4):535\u2013551","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"10397_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.05.003","volume":"30","author":"C Pollack","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pollack C, Ashby NC (2018) Where arithmetic and phonology meet: the meta-analytic convergence of arithmetic and phonological processing in the brain. Dev Cogn Neurosci 30:251\u2013264","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05444.x","volume":"1191","author":"C Price","year":"2010","unstructured":"Price C (2010) The anatomy of language: a review of 100 fMRI studies published in 2009. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1191(1):62\u201388","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.04.004","volume":"125","author":"KR Pugh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pugh KR, Landi N, Preston JL, Mencl WE, Austin AC, Sibley D, Fulbright R, Seidenberg M, Grigorenko E, Constable R, Molfese P, Frost S (2013) The relationship between phonological and auditory processing and brain organization in beginning readers. Brain Lang 125(2):173\u2013183","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/0267658318809147","volume":"36","author":"E Puig-Mayenco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puig-Mayenco E, Gonz\u00e1lez Alonso J, Rothman J (2020) A systematic review of transfer studies in third language acquisition. Second Lang Res 36(1):31\u201364","journal-title":"Second Lang Res"},{"key":"10397_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.008","volume":"192","author":"Z Qi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qi Z, Han M, Wang Y, de los Angeles C, Liu Q, Garel K, Chen E, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Gabrieli J, Perrachione T (2019) Speech processing and plasticity in the right hemisphere predict variation in adult foreign language learning. Neuroimage 192:76\u201387","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10397_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.03.004","volume":"144","author":"C Reverberi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reverberi C, Kuhlen A, Abutalebi J, Greulich R, Costa A, Seyed-Allaei S, Haynes J (2015) Language control in bilinguals: intention to speak vs. execution of speech. Brain Lang 144:1\u20139","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"10397_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.03.003","volume":"132","author":"A Rodr\u00edguez-Pujadas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pujadas A, Sanju\u00e1n A, Fuentes P, Ventura-Campos N, Barr\u00f3s-Loscertales A, \u00c1vila C (2014) Differential neural control in early bilinguals and monolinguals during response inhibition. Brain Lang 132:43\u201351","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"10397_CR76","volume-title":"E-Prime users guide","author":"W Schneider","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneider W, Eschman A, Zuccolotto A (2012) E-Prime users guide. Psychology Software Tools"},{"key":"10397_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207468","volume":"44","author":"E Stoffels","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stoffels E, van der Molen M (1988) Effects of visual and auditory noise on visual choice reaction time in a continuous-flow paradigm. Perception & Psychophysics 44:7\u201314","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10397_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116306","volume":"205","author":"S Sulpizio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sulpizio S, Del Maschio N, Del Mauro G, Fedeli D, Abutalebi J (2020) Bilingualism as a gradient measure modulates functional connectivity of language and control networks. Neuroimage 205:116306","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.03.058","volume":"32","author":"L Tillikainen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tillikainen L, Salli E, Korvenoja A, Aronen H (2006) A cluster mass permutation test with contextual enhancement for fMRI activation detection. Neuroimage 32(2):654\u2013664","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10397_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.09.011","volume":"123","author":"A Touroutoglou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Touroutoglou A, Andreano J, Dickerson B, Barrett L (2020) The tenacious brain: how the anterior mid-cingulate contributes to achieving goals. Cortex 123:12\u201329","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716409090122","volume":"30","author":"M Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang M, Yang C, Cheng C (2009) The contributions of phonology, orthography, and morphology in Chinese-English biliteracy acquisition. Appl Psycholinguist 30(2):291\u2013314","journal-title":"Appl Psycholinguist"},{"key":"10397_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.058","volume":"91","author":"C Woo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Woo C, Krishnan A, Wager T (2014) Cluster-extent based thresholding in fMRI analyses: pitfalls and recommendations. Neuroimage 91:412\u2013419","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40862-017-0036-9","volume":"2","author":"M Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang M, Cooc N, Sheng L (2017) An investigation of cross-linguistic transfer between Chinese and English: a meta-analysis. Asian-Pacific J Second Foreign Lang Educ 2(1):1\u201321","journal-title":"Asian-Pacific J Second Foreign Lang Educ"},{"key":"10397_CR84","first-page":"274","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of cognitive neuroscience","author":"N Yeung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yeung N (2013) Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. In: Ochsner K, Kosslyn S (eds) The Oxford handbook of cognitive neuroscience. Oxford University Press, pp 274\u2013299"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Neurodynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11571-025-10397-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11571-025-10397-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11571-025-10397-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T08:01:46Z","timestamp":1766736106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11571-025-10397-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11571-025-10397-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1871-4080","1871-4099"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1871-4080"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1871-4099"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We have no known conflict of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"24"}}