{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:23:07Z","timestamp":1793128987896,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2025AFB068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFB068"]}]},{"name":"Wuhan Natural Science Foundation Exploration Program","award":["2024040801020344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024040801020344"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CURR MED SCI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-025-00108-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T06:44:21Z","timestamp":1758264261000},"page":"1068-1078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Global, Regional, and National Burden of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension from 1990 to 2021 and Projections to 2040: A Systematic Analysis of Incidence, Mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Lin-ling","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding-sheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze-min","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-zhu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"108_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401324","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01324-2024","volume":"64","author":"G Kovacs","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kovacs G, Bartolome S, Denton CP, et al. Definition, classification and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2024;64(4):2401324.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"issue":"14","key":"108_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.4402","volume":"327","author":"NF Ruopp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruopp NF, Cockrill BA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Review. JAMA. 2022;327(14):1379\u20131391.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00486-7","volume":"10","author":"A Mocumbi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mocumbi A, Humbert M, Saxena A, et al. Pulmonary hypertension. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;10(1):1.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801913","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01913-2018","volume":"53","author":"G Simonneau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, et al. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(1):1801913.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.11.005","volume":"23","author":"AAR Thompson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson AAR, Lawrie A. Targeting Vascular Remodeling to Treat Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23(1):31\u201345.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"108_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003957","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03957-2020","volume":"58","author":"CE Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans CE, Cober ND, Dai Z, et al. Endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(3):2003957.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"issue":"6","key":"108_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800965","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00965-2018","volume":"53","author":"R Papp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papp R, Nagaraj C, Zabini D, et al. Targeting TMEM16A to reverse vasoconstriction and remodelling in\u00a0idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(6):1800965.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"issue":"4","key":"108_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401095","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01095-2024","volume":"64","author":"C Guignabert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guignabert C, Aman J, Bonnet S, et al. Pathology and pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension: current insights and future directions. Eur Respir J. 2024;64(4):2401095.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801900","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01900-2018","volume":"53","author":"A VonkNoordegraaf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vonk Noordegraaf A, Chin KM, Haddad F, et al. Pathophysiology of the right ventricle and\u00a0of the pulmonary circulation in pulmonary hypertension: an update. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(1):1801900.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"10440","key":"108_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2133\u20132161.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10258","key":"108_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019","year":"2020","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204\u20131222.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"108_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00429-6","volume":"10","author":"GBD 2019","year":"2022","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators. Assessing performance of the Healthcare Access and Quality Index, overall and by select age groups, for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10(12):e1715\u2013e1743.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10440","key":"108_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","author":"GBD Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"Collaborators GDaI. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2133\u20132161.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"108_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102758","volume":"75","author":"XY Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li XY, Kong XM, Yang CH, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of ischemic stroke, 1990-2021: an analysis of data from the global burden of disease study 2021. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;75:102758.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"108_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S388323","volume":"15","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhang C, Wang Q, et al. Temporal Trends in the Disease Burden of Colorectal Cancer with Its Risk Factors at the Global and National Level from 1990 to 2019, and Projections Until 2044. Clin Epidemiol. 2023;15:55\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02925-4","volume":"21","author":"J Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun J, Qiao Y, Zhao M, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases in youths and young adults aged 15-39 years in 204 countries\/territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMC Medicine. 2023;21(1):222.","journal-title":"BMC Medicine."},{"key":"108_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102619","volume":"72","author":"Y Tuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tuo Y, Li Y, Li Y, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of thalassemia, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;72:102619.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001902","volume":"111","author":"Z Bai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bai Z, Wang H, Shen C, et al. The global, regional, and national patterns of change in the burden of non-malignant upper gastrointestinal diseases from 1990 to 2019 and the forecast for the next decade. Int J Sur. 2025;111(1):80-92.","journal-title":"Int J Sur."},{"key":"108_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135319","volume":"477","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen J, Cui Y, Deng Y, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of cancers attributable to particulate matter pollution from 1990 to 2019 and projection to 2050: Worsening or improving? J Hazard Mater. 2024;477:135319.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"108_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48449","volume":"9","author":"HX Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo HX, Wang Q, Wang C, et al. Secular Trends in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer Attributable to Dietary Carcinogens From 1990 to 2019 and Projections Until 2044 in China: Population-Based Study. JMIR Public Health Surveil. 2023;9:e48449.","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveil"},{"issue":"9","key":"108_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.4471","volume":"1","author":"BA Maron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maron BA, Gali\u00e8 N. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the Contemporary Era: A Review. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(9):1056\u20131065.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801889","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01889-2018","volume":"53","author":"N Gali\u00e8","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gali\u00e8 N, Channick RN, Frantz RP, et al. Risk stratification and medical therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(1):1801889.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"108_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.058794","volume":"147","author":"E Born","year":"2023","unstructured":"Born E, Lipskaia L, Breau M, et al. Eliminating Senescent Cells Can Promote Pulmonary Hypertension Development and Progression. Circulation. 2023;147(8):650\u2013666.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801916","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01916-2018","volume":"53","author":"EB Rosenzweig","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosenzweig EB, Abman SH, Adatia I, et al. Paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension: updates on definition, classification, diagnostics and management. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(1):1801916.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"108_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00054514","volume":"44","author":"R Naeije","year":"2014","unstructured":"Naeije R, D\u2019Alto M. Sex matters in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(2):553\u2013554.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"issue":"2","key":"108_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01999-2015","volume":"47","author":"T Lahm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lahm T. Sex differences in pulmonary hypertension: are we cleaning up the mess? Eur Respir J. 2016;47(2):390\u2013393.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2020.tb00109.x","volume":"10","author":"J Hester","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hester J, Ventetuolo C, Lahm T. Sex, Gender, and Sex Hormones in Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure. Compr Physiol. 2019;10(1):125\u2013170.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol."},{"issue":"13","key":"108_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad129","volume":"119","author":"M Wits","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wits M, Becher C, de Man F, et al. Sex-biased TGF\u03b2 signalling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;119(13):2262\u20132277.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacasi.2021.04.007","volume":"1","author":"D Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao D. Epidemiological Features of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia. JACC Asia. 2021;1(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"JACC Asia."},{"issue":"5","key":"108_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacasi.2022.04.008","volume":"2","author":"JJ Anderson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anderson JJ, Lau EM. Pulmonary Hypertension Definition, Classification, and Epidemiology in Asia. JACC Asia. 2022;2(5):538\u2013546.","journal-title":"JACC Asia."},{"issue":"8","key":"108_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab892","volume":"43","author":"A Timmis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N, et al. European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(8):716\u2013799.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"issue":"10244","key":"108_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30543-2","volume":"396","author":"M Walli-Attaei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walli-Attaei M, Joseph P, Rosengren A, et al. Variations between women and men in risk factors, treatments, cardiovascular disease incidence, and death in 27 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;396(10244):97\u2013109.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"108_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.944","volume":"16","author":"LK Dinarti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dinarti LK, Anggrahini DW, Lilyasari O, et al. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Indonesia: Current Status and Local Application of International Guidelines. Global Heart. 2021;16(1):23.","journal-title":"Global Heart"}],"container-title":["Current Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11596-025-00108-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11596-025-00108-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11596-025-00108-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T21:04:05Z","timestamp":1762290245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11596-025-00108-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11596-025-00108-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-5230","2523-899X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-5230","type":"print"},{"value":"2523-899X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests. All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure; no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study used publicly available, de-identified aggregated data, and no human participants were directly involved.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}