{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T11:04:16Z","timestamp":1793271856293,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CURR MED SCI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-025-00111-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T07:35:50Z","timestamp":1757921750000},"page":"1099-1108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Remimazolam-Remifentanil versus Propofol-Remifentanil for Spontaneous Ventilation During Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jing-hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-jin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-xin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu-rong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian-zhong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"111_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01532-4","volume":"21","author":"D Strohleit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strohleit D, Galetin T, Kosse N, et al. Guidelines on analgosedation, monitoring, and recovery time for flexible bronchoscopy: a systematic review. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21(1):198.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"111_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13792","volume":"18","author":"W Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang W, Li L, Zhang Q, et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic role of radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for peripheral pulmonary lesions. Clin Respir J. 2024;18(7):e13792.","journal-title":"Clin Respir J."},{"issue":"1","key":"111_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-019-0892-6","volume":"19","author":"Y Bi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bi Y, Ma Y, Ni J, et al. Efficacy of premedication with intranasal dexmedetomidine for removal of inhaled foreign bodies in children by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19(1):219.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"111_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.02.009","volume":"155","author":"N Ninan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ninan N, Wahidi MM. Basic Bronchoscopy: Technology, Techniques, and Professional Fees. Chest. 2019;155(5):1067\u20131074.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"111_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14891","volume":"75","author":"JM Mouritsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mouritsen JM, Ehlers L, Kovaleva J, et al. A systematic review and cost effectiveness analysis of reusable vs. single-use flexible bronchoscopes. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(4):529\u2013540.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"111_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2865-3","volume":"19","author":"L De Wit","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Wit L, O\u2019Shea D, Chandler M, et al. Physical exercise and cognitive engagement outcomes for mild neurocognitive disorder: a group-randomized pilot trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):573.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"111_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000261","volume":"23","author":"T Haga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haga T, Fukuoka M, Morita M, et al. A Prospective Analysis of the Efficacy and Complications Associated With Deep Sedation With Midazolam During Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 2016;23(2):106\u2013111.","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol."},{"issue":"4","key":"111_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000877","volume":"33","author":"JR Sneyd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sneyd JR, Rigby-Jones AE. Remimazolam for anaesthesia or sedation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2020;33(4):506\u2013511.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"111_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S359496","volume":"16","author":"Y Mao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mao Y, Guo J, Yuan J, et al. Quality of Recovery After General Anesthesia with Remimazolam in Patients\u2019 Undergoing Urologic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Remimazolam with Propofol. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2022;16:1199\u20131209.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"issue":"9","key":"111_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092643","volume":"11","author":"B Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee B, Kim MH, Kong HJ, et al. Effects of Remimazolam vs. Sevoflurane Anesthesia on Intraoperative Hemodynamics in Patients with Gastric Cancer Undergoing Robotic Gastrectomy: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. J Clin Med. 2022;11(9):2643.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"111_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.04.2351","volume":"88","author":"DK Rex","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rex DK, Bhandari R, Desta T, et al. A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;88(3):427\u2013437.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc."},{"issue":"1","key":"111_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.09.015","volume":"155","author":"NJ Pastis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pastis NJ, Yarmus LB, Schippers F, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Remimazolam Compared With Placebo and Midazolam for Moderate Sedation During Bronchoscopy. Chest. 2019;155(1):137\u2013146.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"111_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-020-02788-6","volume":"34","author":"M Doi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doi M, Morita K, Takeda J, et al. Efficacy and safety of remimazolam versus propofol for general anesthesia: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, phase IIb\/III trial. J Anesth. 2020;34(4):543\u2013553.","journal-title":"J Anesth."},{"issue":"3","key":"111_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004851","volume":"140","author":"H Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu H, Su Z, Zhou H, et al. Remimazolam Dosing for Gastroscopy: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial. Anesthesiology. 2024;140(3):409\u2013416.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"111_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001401","volume":"38","author":"B Zha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zha B, Wu Z, Xie P, et al. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2021;38(3):294\u2013301.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"111_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2005.08.004","volume":"20","author":"JW Johansen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johansen JW. Update on bispectral index monitoring. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2006;20(1):81\u201399.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"111_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(95)00130-A","volume":"7","author":"F Chung","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chung F, Ghan VWS, Ong D. A post-anesthetic discharge scoring system for home readiness after ambulatory surgery. J Clin Anesth. 1995;7(6):505\u2013506.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth."},{"issue":"9","key":"111_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000826","volume":"35","author":"HI Morue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morue HI, Raj-Lawrence S, Saxena S, et al. Placebo versus low-dose ketamine infusion in addition to remifentanil target-controlled infusion for conscious sedation during oocyte retrieval: A double-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(9):667\u2013674.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"111_CR19","volume":"13","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X, Xin D, Xu G, et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam Tosilate Versus Dexmedetomidine in Outpatients Undergoing Flexible Bronchoscopy: A Prospective, Randomized, Blind, Non-Inferiority Trial. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:902065.","journal-title":"Non-Inferiority Trial. Front Pharmacol."},{"issue":"11","key":"111_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1600442","volume":"18","author":"MQ Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu MQ, Li FX, Han YK, et al. Administration of fentanyl via a slow intravenous fluid line compared with rapid bolus alleviates fentanyl-induced cough during general anesthesia induction. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2017;18(11):955\u2013962.","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"111_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.950564","volume":"9","author":"N Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao N, Zeng J, Fan L, et al. Moderate sedation by total intravenous remimazolam-alfentanil vs. propofol-alfentanil for third molar extraction: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:950564.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"111_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chow SC, Shao J, Wang HS, et al. Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research. 3rd ed. New York: Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2017. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781315183084.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315183084"},{"issue":"1","key":"111_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47271-w","volume":"13","author":"SH Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim SH, Cho JY, Kim M, et al. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with midazolam during bronchoscopy: a single\u2011center, randomized controlled study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):20498.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"111_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-022-01487-4","volume":"45","author":"S Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao S, Wang T, Cao L, et al. Clinical effects of remimazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine in patients receiving bronchoscopy and influences on postoperative cognitive function: a randomized-controlled trial. Int J Clin Pharm. 2023;45(1):137\u2013145.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"111_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-1004-6","volume":"19","author":"H Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee H, Choe YH, Park S. Analgosedation during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy: comparing the clinical effectiveness and safety of remifentanil versus midazolam\/propofol. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):240.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"111_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.10.015","volume":"63","author":"SA Godwin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Godwin SA, Burton JH, Gerardo CJ, et al. Clinical policy: procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(2):247\u2013258.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"111_CR27","first-page":"6071","volume":"27","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Yu L, Xu L, et al. Effectiveness of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with preserved spontaneous breathing: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(13):6071\u20136080.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"111_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005367","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1005367","volume":"13","author":"YY Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou YY, Yang ST, Shangguan WN, et al. Efficacy and safety of remimazolam besylate in bronchoscopy for adults: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind positive-controlled clinical study. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1005367.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"111_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058662","volume":"12","author":"W Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu W, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, et al. Sufentanil target controlled infusion (TCI) versus remifentanil TCI for monitored anaesthesia care for patients with severe tracheal stenosis undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy: protocol for a prospective, randomised, controlled study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(8):e058662.","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"111_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.972066","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Wu W, Zhu Y, et al. Inhibition of stress and spontaneous respiration: Efficacy and safety of monitored anesthesia care by target-controlled infusion remifentanil in combination with dexmedetomidine in fibreoptic bronchoscopy for patients with severe tracheal stenosis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:972066.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"5","key":"111_CR31","first-page":"273","volume":"36","author":"S Rezaiguia-Delclaux","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rezaiguia-Delclaux S, Laverdure F, Kortchinsky T, et al. Fiber optic bronchoscopy and remifentanil target-controlled infusion in critically ill patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure: A descriptive study. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2017;36(5):273\u2013277.","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med."},{"key":"111_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S422531","volume":"17","author":"X Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui X, Cheng Z, Li H, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Different Doses of Remimazolam Tosilate Applied in Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023;17:2889\u20132896.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"111_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00890-1","volume":"36","author":"Z Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo Z, Tu H, Zhang X, et al. Efficacy and Safety of HSK3486 for Anesthesia\/Sedation in Patients Undergoing Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy: A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Propofol-Controlled, Randomized, Phase 3 Study. CNS Drugs. 2022;36(3):301\u2013313.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"issue":"8","key":"111_CR34","first-page":"4594","volume":"12","author":"S Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen S, Wang J, Xu X, et al. The efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosylate versus propofol in patients undergoing colonoscopy: a multicentered randomized, positive-controlled, phase III clinical trial. Am J Transl Res. 2020;12(8):4594\u20134603.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res."},{"key":"111_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010257","volume":"12","author":"Y Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan Y, Chen M, Gu F, et al. Comparison of Remimazolam-Flumazenil versus Propofol for Rigid Bronchoscopy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med. 2022;12:257.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"111_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001902","volume":"40","author":"S Kempenaers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kempenaers S, Hansen TG, Velde MVd. Remimazolam and serious adverse events: A scoping review. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2023;40(11):841\u2013853.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"111_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01713-6","volume":"22","author":"J Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo J, Qian Y, Zhang X, et al. Remimazolam tosilate compared with propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients: a prospective, randomized and controlled study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022;22(1):180.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"111_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.851","volume":"9","author":"T Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu T, Lai T, Chen J, et al. Effect of remimazolam induction on hemodynamics in patients undergoing valve replacement surgery: A randomized, double\u2010blind, controlled trial. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2021;9(5):e00851.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect."},{"key":"111_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128030","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1128030","volume":"10","author":"Y Xin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xin Y, Ma L, Xie T, et al. Comparative analysis of the effect of electromyogram to bispectral index and 95% spectral edge frequency under remimazolam and propofol anesthesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1128030.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"3","key":"111_CR40","volume":"43","author":"C Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang C, Jiao J, Nie Y, et al. Comparison of the bispectral indices of patients receiving remimazolam and propofol for general anesthesia: a randomized crossover trial. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2024;43(3):101377.","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"111_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.05.027","volume":"127","author":"T St\u00f6hr","year":"2021","unstructured":"St\u00f6hr T, Colin PJ, Ossig J, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of remimazolam in subjects with hepatic or renal impairment. Br J Anaesth. 2021;127(3):415\u2013423.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."}],"container-title":["Current Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11596-025-00111-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11596-025-00111-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11596-025-00111-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T21:04:18Z","timestamp":1762290258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11596-025-00111-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11596-025-00111-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-5230","2523-899X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-5230","type":"print"},{"value":"2523-899X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"The trial was approved by the Ethics Committee (Branch for Medical Research and Clinical Technology Application) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (MRCTA, ECFAH of FMU [2021] 141-1). Prior to participant enrollment, the trial was prospectively registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Registration ID: ChiCTR2300069905; Date: 29 March 2023). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committees, as well as the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All participants provided written consent for the publication of anonymized data derived from this trial. No identifiable personal information is included in any part of this manuscript, including figures and tables.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}