{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T20:49:21Z","timestamp":1787258961128,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CURR MED SCI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-026-00175-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:26:02Z","timestamp":1772720762000},"page":"297-306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PAR-1 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Pathophysiological Insights and Mechanistic Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"family":"Neha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snehashis","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipual","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Dhindsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2450-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadga Raj","family":"Aran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"175_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.4c00339","volume":"15","author":"R Tenchov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Zhou QA. Alzheimer\u2019s disease: exploring the landscape of cognitive decline. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2024;15(21):3800\u20133827.","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."},{"key":"175_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao YL, Ganaraja B, Murlimanju BV, et al. Hippocampus and its involvement in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review. 3 Biotech. 2022;12(2):55.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-022-03123-4"},{"issue":"9","key":"175_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.28","volume":"38","author":"GF Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen GF, Xu TH, Yan Y, et al. Amyloid beta: structure, biology and structure-based therapeutic development. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2017;38(9):1205\u20131235.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin."},{"key":"175_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2015.09.002","volume":"2","author":"JA Ross","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ross JA, McGonigle P, van Bockstaele EJ. Locus Coeruleus, norepinephrine and A\u03b2 peptides in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Stress. 2015;2:73\u201384.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress."},{"issue":"2","key":"175_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020869","volume":"22","author":"R Price","year":"2021","unstructured":"Price R, Mercuri NB, Ledonne A. Emerging roles of protease-activated receptors (PARs) in the modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(2):869.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00658-5","volume":"6","author":"H Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao H, Wu L, Yan G, et al. Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):263.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"175_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040562","volume":"11","author":"NA Shlobin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shlobin NA, Har-Even M, Itsekson-Hayosh Z, et al. Role of thrombin in central nervous system injury and disease. Biomolecules. 2021;11(4):562.","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-019-0194-8","volume":"17","author":"DM Heuberger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J. 2019;17(1):4.","journal-title":"Thromb J."},{"issue":"2","key":"175_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020386","volume":"14","author":"S Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim S, Jung UJ, Kim SR. The crucial role of the blood-brain barrier in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms of disruption and therapeutic implications. J Clin Med. 2025;14(2):386.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.06.014","volume":"4","author":"JW Kinney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kinney JW, Bemiller SM, Murtishaw AS, et al. Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement Transl Res Clin Interv. 2018;4(1):575\u2013590.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement Transl Res Clin Interv."},{"issue":"45","key":"175_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32553","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.472373","volume":"288","author":"A Arachiche","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arachiche A, Mumaw MM, de la Fuente M, et al. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and PAR4 heterodimers are required for PAR1-enhanced cleavage of PAR4 by \u03b1-thrombin. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(45):32553\u201332562.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"175_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1160\/th14-02-0167","volume":"112","author":"A Rezaie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rezaie A. Protease-activated receptor signalling by coagulation proteases in endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost. 2014;112(11):876\u2013882.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"5","key":"175_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051383","volume":"11","author":"S Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim S, Sharma C, Jung UJ, et al. Pathophysiological role of microglial activation induced by blood-borne proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biomedicines. 2023;11(5):1383.","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"175_CR14","unstructured":"Chen X, Guo C, Kong J. Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res. 2012;7(5):376\u2013385."},{"key":"175_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.02.012","volume":"78","author":"N Basnet","year":"2025","unstructured":"Basnet N, Cho H, Sapkota A, et al. Blocking S1P4 signaling attenuates brain injury in mice with ischemic stroke. J Adv Res. 2025;78:681\u2013702.","journal-title":"J Adv Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"175_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.05.001","volume":"38","author":"R Flaumenhaft","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flaumenhaft R, De Ceunynck K. Targeting PAR1: now what? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017;38(8):701\u2013716.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"175_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5094-06.2007","volume":"27","author":"JW Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang JW, Imai Y, Lu B. Activation of PAR-1 kinase and stimulation of tau phosphorylation by diverse signals require the tumor suppressor protein LKB1. J Neurosci. 2007;27(3):574\u2013581.","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"175_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101333","volume":"68","author":"MT Jeon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeon MT, Kim KS, Kim ES, et al. Emerging pathogenic role of peripheral blood factors following BBB disruption in neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;68:101333.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010084","volume":"17","author":"H Krenzlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krenzlin H, Lorenz V, Danckwardt S, et al. The importance of thrombin in cerebral injury and disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(1):84.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"175_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-03-0131","volume":"100","author":"E Sokolova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sokolova E, Reiser G. Prothrombin\/thrombin and the thrombin receptors PAR-1 and PAR-4 in the brain: localization, expression and participation in neurodegenerative diseases. Thromb Haemost. 2008;100(4):576\u2013581.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"9","key":"175_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12091222","volume":"12","author":"J Iannucci","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iannucci J, Grammas P. Thrombin, a key driver of pathological inflammation in the brain. Cells. 2023;12(9):1222.","journal-title":"Cells."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000196133.74087.cb","volume":"65","author":"T Arai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arai T, Miklossy J, Klegeris A, et al. Thrombin and prothrombin are expressed by neurons and glial cells and accumulate in neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2006;65(1):19\u201325.","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.02.018","volume":"188","author":"CE Junge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Junge CE, Lee CJ, Hubbard KB, et al. Protease-activated receptor-1 in human brain: localization and functional expression in astrocytes. Exp Neurol. 2004;188(1):94\u2013103.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.10.004","volume":"87","author":"JA Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith JA, Das A, Ray SK, et al. Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Bull. 2012;87(1):10\u201320.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-024-00557-1","volume":"21","author":"T Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen T, Dai Y, Hu C, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2024;21(1):60.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS."},{"key":"175_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38247","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38247","volume":"6","author":"Y Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li Y, Yang W, Quinones-Hinojosa A, et al. Interference with protease-activated receptor 1 alleviates neuronal cell death induced by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells through the PI3K\/Akt pathway. Sci Rep. 2016;6:38247.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"175_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115522","volume":"211","author":"AR Monteiro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monteiro AR, Barbosa DJ, Remi\u00e3o F, et al. Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Insights and new prospects in disease pathophysiology, biomarkers and disease-modifying drugs. Biochem Pharmacol. 2023;211:115522.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01484-7","volume":"8","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Chen H, Li R, et al. Amyloid \u03b2-based therapy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: challenges, successes and future. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):248.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"175_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113613","volume":"34","author":"RJ O\u2019Brien","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien RJ, Wong PC. Amyloid precursor protein processing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011;34:185\u2013204.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2174\/1568010043483953","volume":"3","author":"Z Suo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Suo Z, Citron BA, Festoff BW. Thrombin: a potential proinflammatory mediator in neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2004;3(1):105\u2013114.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy."},{"key":"175_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-00997-4","volume":"8","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X, Zhang H, Hao H, et al. Thrombin induces morphological and inflammatory astrocytic responses via activation of PAR1 receptor. Cell Death Discov. 2022;8:189.","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1221","volume":"19","author":"MP Murphy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murphy MP, LeVine H. Alzheimer\u2019s disease and the amyloid-\u03b2 peptide. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19(1):311\u2013323.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-024-00445-0","volume":"21","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Yang G, Luo Y, et al. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights from peripheral immune cells. Immun Ageing. 2024;21(1):38.","journal-title":"Immun Ageing."},{"issue":"21","key":"175_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12841","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112841","volume":"23","author":"P Rawat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rawat P, Sehar U, Bisht J, et al. Phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other tauopathies. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(21):12841.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"175_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122812","volume":"29","author":"J Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang J, Zhi W, Wang L. Role of tau protein in neurodegenerative diseases and development of its targeted drugs: a literature review. Molecules. 2024;29(12):2812.","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"175_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.08.011","volume":"108","author":"N Samimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samimi N, Sharma G, Kimura T, et al. Distinct phosphorylation profiles of tau in brains of patients with different tauopathies. Neurobiol Aging. 2021;108:72\u201379.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"175_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102578","volume":"102","author":"A Maggiore","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maggiore A, Latina V, D\u2019Erme M, et al. Non-canonical pathways associated to Amyloid beta and tau protein dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a narrative review. Ageing Res Rev. 2024;102:102578.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"175_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.12.016","volume":"1862","author":"AR Nelson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nelson AR, Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, et al. Neurovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA Mol Basis Dis. 2016;1862(5):887\u2013900.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta BBA Mol Basis Dis."},{"issue":"29","key":"175_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19855","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R114.549295","volume":"289","author":"BB Holmes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holmes BB, Diamond MI. Prion-like properties of Tau protein: the importance of extracellular Tau as a therapeutic target. J Biol Chem. 2014;289(29):19855\u201319861.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"42","key":"175_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8200","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1157-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"V Rangaraju","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rangaraju V, Lewis TL Jr, Hirabayashi Y, et al. Pleiotropic mitochondria: the influence of mitochondria on neuronal development and disease. J Neurosci. 2019;39(42):8200\u20138208.","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"175_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dscb.2021.100029","volume":"5","author":"V Chavda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Garg K, et al. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in stroke and cancer. Brain Disord. 2022;5:100029.","journal-title":"Brain Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"175_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2012.30522","volume":"50","author":"H Pradeep","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pradeep H, Diya JB, Shashikumar S, et al. Oxidative stress\u2014assassin behind the ischemic stroke. Folia Neuropathol. 2012;50(3):219\u2013230.","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"issue":"21","key":"175_CR43","first-page":"2003","volume":"8","author":"C Guo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guo C, Sun L, Chen X, et al. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res. 2013;8(21):2003\u20132014.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res."},{"key":"175_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-4-32","volume":"4","author":"KS Han","year":"2011","unstructured":"Han KS, Mannaioni G, Hamill CE, et al. Activation of protease activated receptor 1 increases the excitability of the dentate granule neurons of hippocampus. Mol Brain. 2011;4:32.","journal-title":"Mol Brain."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"175_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116911","volume":"318","author":"UC Dash","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dash UC, Swain SK, Jena AB, et al. The ameliorative effect of Piper trioicum in attenuating cognitive deficit in scopolamine induced neurotoxicity in experimental rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024;318(Pt A):116911.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"22","key":"175_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221838","volume":"13","author":"M Mustafa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mustafa M, Ahmad R, Tantry IQ, et al. Apoptosis: a comprehensive overview of signaling pathways, morphological changes, and physiological significance and therapeutic implications. Cells. 2024;13(22):1838.","journal-title":"Cells."},{"issue":"8","key":"175_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081231","volume":"10","author":"C Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma C, Kim SR. Linking oxidative stress and proteinopathy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1231.","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR48","first-page":"5803639","volume":"2020","author":"K Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao K, Liu C, Tu Z, et al. Activation of the NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways contributes to the inflammatory responses, but not cell injury, in IPEC-1 cells challenged with hydrogen peroxide. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020(1):5803639.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"issue":"1","key":"175_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.01.023","volume":"217","author":"CE Hamill","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamill CE, Mannaioni G, Lyuboslavsky P, et al. Protease-activated receptor 1-dependent neuronal damage involves NMDA receptor function. Exp Neurol. 2009;217(1):136\u2013146.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"175_CR50","first-page":"287","volume":"54","author":"OM Ighodaro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ighodaro OM, Akinloye OA. First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid. Alex J Med. 2018;54(4):287\u2013293.","journal-title":"Alex J Med."},{"key":"175_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/352723","volume":"2015","author":"Z Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu Z, Li T, Li P, et al. The ambiguous relationship of oxidative stress, tau hyperphosphorylation, and autophagy dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:352723.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"issue":"11","key":"175_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112167","volume":"11","author":"MC Jurc\u0103u","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jurc\u0103u MC, Andronie-Cioara FL, Jurc\u0103u A, et al. The link between oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: therapeutic implications and future perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(11):2167.","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)."},{"issue":"9","key":"175_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092486","volume":"10","author":"RV Sionov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sionov RV. Leveling up the controversial role of neutrophils in cancer: when the complexity becomes entangled. Cells. 2021;10(9):2486.","journal-title":"Cells."},{"issue":"6","key":"175_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a005710","volume":"4","author":"C L\u00fcscher","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00fcscher C, Malenka RC. NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTP\/LTD). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012;4(6):a005710.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"175_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2008.12.018","volume":"55","author":"RC Reyes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reyes RC, Parpura V. The trinity of Ca2+ sources for the exocytotic glutamate release from astrocytes. Neurochem Int. 2009;55(1\u20133):2\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"175_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041538","volume":"21","author":"L Franchini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Franchini L, Carrano N, Di Luca M, et al. Synaptic GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors: from physiology to pathological synaptic plasticity. Int J Mol Sci.. 2020;21(4):1538.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"175_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3105-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"KM Vance","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vance KM, Rogers RC, Hermann GE. PAR1-activated astrocytes in the nucleus of the solitary tract stimulate adjacent neurons via NMDA receptors. J Neurosci. 2015;35(2):776\u2013785.","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"175_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105185","volume":"160","author":"R Price","year":"2020","unstructured":"Price R, Ferrari E, Gardoni F, et al. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) inhibits synaptic NMDARs in mouse nigral dopaminergic neurons. Pharmacol Res. 2020;160:105185.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"175_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-025-00080-w","volume":"45","author":"JR Xiong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiong JR, Yan ZY, Shi MQ, et al. miR-146a regulates neuroinflammation and immune cell function in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Med Sci. 2025;45(4):725\u2013744.","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci."},{"key":"175_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135843","volume":"72","author":"MM Halassa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Halassa MM, Haydon PG. Integrated brain circuits: astrocytic networks modulate neuronal activity and behavior. Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:335\u2013355.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol."}],"container-title":["Current Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11596-026-00175-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11596-026-00175-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11596-026-00175-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:06:42Z","timestamp":1777388802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11596-026-00175-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11596-026-00175-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-5230","2523-899X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-5230","type":"print"},{"value":"2523-899X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors assert that they do not have any known financial interests or personal relationships that could be perceived as influencing the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}