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All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) before the surgery. Based on pathological examinations, the wall-invasion pattern of GBCA was classified into two groups: infiltrative growth (IG, n\u00a0=\u00a019) and destructive growth (DG, n\u00a0=\u00a011).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ECV map was generated by inputting the patients\u2019 hematocrit values and subtraction algorithms using pre-contrast and equilibrium phase images. CT parameters were evaluated by two radiologists (Rad1 and Rad2). The Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      test was performed to identify significant CT parameters for differentiating between the two groups. The diagnostic ability was measured using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was estimated using the Kaplan\u2013Meier method, and differences between the two groups were compared using the log-rank test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty patients (mean age, 75.5 years; 20 men) were evaluated. Mean ECV fraction of the DG-type (Rad1, 34.5%; Rad2, 34.1%) was significantly higher than that of the IG-type (Rad1, 28.5%; Rad2, 28.8%) (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The ECV values of the two radiologists indicated that the areas under the ROC curves for differentiation between the two groups were Rad1, 0.91 and Rad2, 0.84 (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Medium RFS of the DG-type (970 days) was significantly shorter than that of the IG-type (2200 days) (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ECV fraction demonstrates potential as the most valuable predictor of the DG type of GBCA, which has a higher recurrence rate compared with the IG type. However, further large-scale multi-center studies are required to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-025-01768-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T03:58:01Z","timestamp":1742356681000},"page":"1323-1334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prediction of the wall-invasion pattern of advanced gallbladder carcinoma using extracellular volume fraction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2029-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukihisa","family":"Takayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takehiko","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Kajiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kengo","family":"Yoshimitsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1768_CR1","unstructured":"WHO classification of tumours editorial board: WHO Classification of tumors, 5th ed, vol. 1 digestive system tumours. chapter 10. 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