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Serial mpMRI scans were retrospectively reviewed for treatment-induced signal changes on T1-weighted imaging, T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Three radiologists independently reviewed the images, and interobserver agreement was evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early post-treatment MRI findings indicated distinct modality-specific patterns. Cryotherapy-treated lesions frequently demonstrated marked T1 hyperintensity, whereas MTC-treated lesions predominantly showed slight hyperintensity. On T2-weighted imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging, cryotherapy-treated lesions were characterized by hyperintensity with a hypointense rim, while MTC therapy was more likely to result in heterogeneous hypointensity. Early rim enhancement was common on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI following cryotherapy (71.4%) and MTC (83.3%) and resolved by 23 and 41\u00a0months, respectively. In the late phase (&gt;\u200912\u00a0months), imaging findings generally progressed toward fibrosis, which was characterized by hypointensity across all sequences without enhancement, although convergence timing varied from patient to patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While there are distinct modality-specific differences in MRI characteristics in the early phase after between focal cryotherapy and MTC therapy for localized prostate cancer, late-stage findings converge, primarily reflecting fibrosis. These MRI features can help when monitoring the treatment response and guide appropriate follow-up planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-025-01831-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T09:55:08Z","timestamp":1752141308000},"page":"1878-1892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Longitudinal MRI changes after focal therapy for prostate cancer: cryotherapy vs. microwave tissue coagulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2854-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nana","family":"Kozawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bunta","family":"Tokuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Takahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yayoi","family":"Iwami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiko","family":"Ito-Ihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Fujihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Shiraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munehiro","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Ukimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1831_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.12.24","volume":"7","author":"N Kinsella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kinsella N, Helleman J, Bruinsma S, Carlsson S, Cahill D, Brown C, et al. 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Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2017;67:399\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/CH-179220.","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"}],"container-title":["Japanese Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11604-025-01831-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11604-025-01831-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11604-025-01831-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:38:51Z","timestamp":1761824331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11604-025-01831-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11604-025-01831-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1867-1071","1867-108X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-1071","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-108X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Financial interests\n                      Kaori Yamada participated as a co-investigator in a project funded by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), relevant to the subject matter of the present study. She also received consulting fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company and honoraria from Bayer and Fuji Pharma, unrelated to the present study. Osamu Ukimura received honoraria from AMCO Co. Ltd and equipment or materials from Boston Scientific Japan Co. Ltd and Alfresa Pharma Co. Ltd, all relevant to the subject matter of the present study. Kei Yamada received institutional research support from Doctor Net, Fukushima SiC Applied Engineering, CMIC HOLDINGS, Guerbet, Bracco Japan, GE HealthCare Pharma, and Fuji Pharma; honoraria from Bracco Japan and the Japan Medical Association; and expert testimony payments from Astellas Pharma and Bayer. All were unrelated to the present study.\n                      Non-financial interests\n                      Kaori Yamada is a cooperating member of the Guideline Committee on Diagnostic Imaging, a contributor to the revision of the Japanese Classification of Testicular Tumors, and a councilor of the Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Kei Yamada serves as the President of the Japanese College of Radiology and the Secretary General of the Asian-Oceanian Society of Neuroradiology and Head and Neck Radiology.\u00a0All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review boards of our centers, and the requirement for written informed consent was waived.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the institutional review board.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}