{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T17:18:41Z","timestamp":1783185521680,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022720","name":"Health Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10210366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10210366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["14103023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14103023"]}]},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Jpn J Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjacent vessel geometry may affect focal hemodynamics and plaque features in intracranial atherosclerotic disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the correlations of upstream (internal carotid artery (ICA) bifurcation) and focal arterial geometry of M1 middle cerebral artery (MCA-M1) with location of MCA-M1 plaques and focal hemodynamics, particularly wall shear stress (WSS) metrics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis (50\u201399%) of MCA-M1, we assessed vessel geometry at ICA bifurcation and MCA-M1, including diameters and diameter ratios of different arterial segments, angles between arteries, and MCA-M1 tortuosity. The MCA-M1 plaque was defined as in proximal or distal halves of MCA-M1. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was conducted to simulate adjacent blood flow and quantify relative wall shear stress (relative WSS, rWSS) across the MCA-M1 plaque (as relative to mean WSS at proximal normal segment). We investigated the associations of vessel geometry with the plaque location and rWSS metrics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 132 patients (median age 62\u00a0years), smaller diameter of MCA-M1 origin (adjusted odds ratio\u2009=\u20090.19, 95%CI 0.08\u20130.43,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), smaller diameter ratio of MCA-M1 origin and terminal (0.04, 0.01\u20130.17,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and larger MCA-M1 tortuosity (1.03, 1.00\u20131.05,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.045) were associated with proximal (versus distal) MCA-M1 plaques, independent of patient characteristics. These geometric parameters were associated with higher rWSS and larger area of high-rWSS region, throughout the MCA-M1 plaque and in upstream and downstream plaque segments, in patients with proximal MCA-M1 plaques (most\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but not in those with distal MCA-M1 plaques. CFD models also revealed different velocity profiles and flow patterns in cases with different ICA bifurcation and MCA-M1 geometry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjacent arterial geometry may affect plaque distribution in MCA-M1. Focal hemodynamics e.g., WSS and velocity profiles, may play a role underlying the associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-026-02041-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T04:31:43Z","timestamp":1783139503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery stenosis: adjacent arterial geometry, hemodynamics and plaque features"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3624-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinhei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingjun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linfang","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonaventure Y. M.","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W. H.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2041_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2006.00045.x","volume":"1","author":"LK Wong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wong LK. Global burden of intracranial atherosclerosis. Int J Stroke. 2006;1(3):158\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"9921","key":"2041_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61088-0","volume":"383","author":"AI Qureshi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qureshi AI, Caplan LR. Intracranial atherosclerosis. Lancet (London, England). 2014;383(9921):984\u201398.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2041_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.10.JNS09759","volume":"112","author":"AM Nixon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nixon AM, Gunel M, Sumpio BE. The critical role of hemodynamics in the development of cerebral vascular disease. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(6):1240\u201353.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"21","key":"2041_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.21.2035","volume":"282","author":"AM Malek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Malek AM, Alper SL, Izumo S. Hemodynamic shear stress and its role in atherosclerosis. JAMA. 1999;282(21):2035\u201342.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"19","key":"2041_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1760","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006468","volume":"91","author":"YN Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu YN, Li ML, Xu YY, Meng Y, Trieu H, Villablanca JP, et al. Middle cerebral artery geometric features are associated with plaque distribution and stroke. Neurology. 2018;91(19):e1760\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2041_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12497","volume":"10","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim BJ, Yoon Y, Lee DH, Kang DW, Kwon SU, Kim JS. The shape of middle cerebral artery and plaque location: high-resolution MRI finding. Int J Stroke. 2015;10(6):856\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2041_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.103436","volume":"114","author":"D Azar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azar D, Torres WM, Davis LA, Shaw T, Eberth JF, Kolachalama VB, et al. Geometric determinants of local hemodynamics in severe carotid artery stenosis. Comput Biol Med. 2019;114:103436.","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2041_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H639","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00464.2015","volume":"310","author":"X Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang X, Yin X, Xu Y, Jia X, Li J, Niu P, et al. Morphometric and hemodynamic analysis of atherosclerotic progression in human carotid artery bifurcations. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;310(5):H639\u201347.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2041_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-016-1055-1","volume":"33","author":"P Eshtehardi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eshtehardi P, Brown AJ, Bhargava A, Costopoulos C, Hung OY, Corban MT, et al. High wall shear stress and high-risk plaque: an emerging concept. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;33(7):1089\u201399.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"2041_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25456","volume":"85","author":"X Leng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leng X, Lan L, Ip HL, Abrigo J, Scalzo F, Liu H, et al. Hemodynamics and stroke risk in intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Ann Neurol. 2019;85(5):752\u201364.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2041_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030615","volume":"51","author":"L Lan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lan L, Liu H, Ip V, Soo Y, Abrigo J, Fan F, et al. Regional high wall shear stress associated with stenosis regression in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Stroke. 2020;51(10):3064\u201373.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"2041_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.990549","volume":"124","author":"SA Morris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morris SA, Orbach DB, Geva T, Singh MN, Gauvreau K, Lacro RV. Increased vertebral artery tortuosity index is associated with adverse outcomes in children and young adults with connective tissue disorders. Circulation. 2011;124(4):388\u201396.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2041_CR13","first-page":"643","volume":"21","author":"OB Samuels","year":"2000","unstructured":"Samuels OB, Joseph GJ, Lynn MJ, Smith HA, Chimowitz MI. A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(4):643\u20136.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2041_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2012.00711.x","volume":"23","author":"CH Tegeler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tegeler CH, Crutchfield K, Katsnelson M, Kim J, Tang R, Passmore Griffin L, et al. Transcranial Doppler velocities in a large, healthy population. J Neuroimaging. 2013;23(3):466\u201372.","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"7","key":"2041_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12525","volume":"10","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim BJ, Kim SM, Kang D-W, Kwon SU, Suh DC, Kim JS. Vascular tortuosity may be related to intracranial artery atherosclerosis. Int J Stroke. 2015;10(7):1081\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2041_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.723860","volume":"8","author":"C Strecker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strecker C, Krafft AJ, Kaufhold L, Hullebrandt M, Treppner M, Ludwig U, et al. Carotid geometry and wall shear stress independently predict increased wall thickness-a longitudinal 3D MRI study in high-risk patients. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:723860.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2041_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.110.958504","volume":"3","author":"M Markl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Markl M, Wegent F, Zech T, Bauer S, Strecker C, Schumacher M, et al. In vivo wall shear stress distribution in the carotid artery: effect of bifurcation geometry, internal carotid artery stenosis, and recanalization therapy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(6):647\u201355.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"2041_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00883-1","volume":"20","author":"IA Tamargo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tamargo IA, Baek KI, Kim Y, Park C, Jo H. Flow-induced reprogramming of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023;20(11):738\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2041_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304099","volume":"34","author":"MI Cybulsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cybulsky MI, Marsden PA. Effect of disturbed blood flow on endothelial cell gene expression: a role for changes in RNA processing. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(9):1806\u20138.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2041_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2022.02754","volume":"25","author":"HG Woo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woo HG, Kim HG, Lee KM, Ha SH, Jo H, Heo SH, et al. Wall shear stress associated with stroke occurrence and mechanisms in middle cerebral artery atherosclerosis. J Stroke. 2023;25(1):132\u201340.","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"2041_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-24-1733","volume":"15","author":"P Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang P, Liu L, Qiao H, Xu X, Zheng Y, Lin L, et al. Anatomical location-related hemodynamic variations are associated with atherosclerosis in the middle cerebral artery: a preliminary cross-sectional 4D flow and 3D vessel wall MRI study. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2025;15(4):3585\u2013601.","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2041_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-21-337","volume":"12","author":"J Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu J, Wang P, Zhou L, Zhang D, Chen Q, Mao C, et al. Hemodynamics derived from computational fluid dynamics based on magnetic resonance angiography is associated with functional outcomes in atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery stenosis. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2022;12(1):688\u201398.","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"2041_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2023.112639","volume":"497","author":"D Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye D, Krzhizhanovskaya V, Hoekstra AG. Data-driven reduced-order modelling for blood flow simulations with geometry-informed snapshots. J Comput Phys. 2024;497:112639.","journal-title":"J Comput Phys"},{"issue":"8","key":"2041_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0101128","volume":"34","author":"P Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du P, Zhu X, Wang J-X. Deep learning-based surrogate model for three-dimensional patient-specific computational fluid dynamics. Phys Fluids. 2022;34(8):081906.","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"}],"container-title":["Japanese Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11604-026-02041-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11604-026-02041-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11604-026-02041-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T17:01:36Z","timestamp":1783184496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11604-026-02041-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["2041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11604-026-02041-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1867-1071","1867-108X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-1071","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-108X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institutional review board of the participating institution(s).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}