{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T10:42:16Z","timestamp":1793356936276,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Jpn J Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-026-02059-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:54:37Z","timestamp":1787727277000},"page":"2019-2028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quality and reliability of YouTube videos on PET\/CT radiation safety: a comparative analysis between human experts and large language models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3689-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-Fan","family":"Shih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-016-1069-3","volume":"32","author":"C Abreu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abreu C, Grilo A, Lucena F, Carolino E. Oncological Patient Anxiety in Imaging Studies: the PET\/CT Example. J Cancer Educ. 2017;32(4):820\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13187-016-1069-3","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2481071451","volume":"248","author":"FA Mettler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mettler FA, Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, Mahesh M. Effective Doses in Radiology and Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine: A Catalog. Radiology. 2008;248(1):254\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2481071451.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2059_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-025-01588-0","volume":"48","author":"WTJ Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen WTJ, Rae WID, Kench PL, Willowson KP, Bailey DL, Bailey EA, et al. A retrospective comparison of [18F]FDG radiation dose following a transition from conventional to long axial field of view PET\/CT. Phys Eng Sci Med. 2025;48(3):1337\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13246-025-01588-0.","journal-title":"Phys Eng Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2059_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2961-x","volume":"42","author":"R Boellaard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boellaard R, Delgado-Bolton R, Oyen WJG, Giammarile F, Tatsch K, Eschner W, et al. FDG PET\/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging: version 2.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42(2):328\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-014-2961-x.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"2059_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-014-0349-x","volume":"5","author":"BS Purohit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Purohit BS, Ailianou A, Dulguerov N, Becker CD, Ratib O, Becker M. FDG-PET\/CT pitfalls in oncological head and neck imaging. Insights Imaging. 2014;5(5):585\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13244-014-0349-x.","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2059_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W141","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.13457","volume":"205","author":"S Karunanithi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karunanithi S, Soundararajan R, Sharma P, Naswa N, Bal C, Kumar R. Spectrum of Physiologic and Pathologic Skeletal Muscle 18F-FDG Uptake on PET\/CT. Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205(2):W141\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.14.13457.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2059_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000421","volume":"39","author":"AE Pinna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pinna AE, Walter J, Fulham MJ. Bruxism\u2014Before and After Images\u2014on 18F-FDG PET\/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2014;39(6):564\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000421.","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2017.02.003","volume":"47","author":"GK Parida","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parida GK, Roy SG, Kumar R. FDG-PET\/CT in Skeletal Muscle: Pitfalls and Pathologies. Semin Nucl Med. 2017;47(4):362\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2017.02.003.","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5956","volume":"196","author":"LT Dauer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dauer LT, Thornton RH, Hay JL, Balter R, Williamson MJ, St. Germain J. Fears, Feelings, and Facts: Interactively Communicating Benefits and Risks of Medical Radiation With Patients. Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(4):756\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.10.5956.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/22925503211064382","volume":"31","author":"S Chawla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chawla S, Ding J, Mazhar L, Khosa F. Entering the Misinformation Age: Quality and Reliability of YouTube for Patient Information on Liposuction. Plast Surg (Oakv). 2023;31(4):371\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/22925503211064382","journal-title":"Plast Surg (Oakv)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2059_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-022-02133-3","volume":"38","author":"ZHJ Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li ZHJ, Kim I, Giuliani M, Ingledew PA. Navigating Radiation Therapy During COVID-19 Using YouTube as a Source of Information. J Cancer Educ. 2023;38(2):412\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13187-022-02133-3","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"issue":"7","key":"2059_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29942","DOI":"10.2196\/29942","volume":"7","author":"C Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan C, Sounderajah V, Daniels E, Acharya A, Clarke J, Yalamanchili S, et al. The Reliability and Quality of YouTube Videos as a Source of Public Health Information Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2021;7(7):e29942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/29942","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"2059_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S459475","volume":"17","author":"M Greer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Greer M, Kamma S, Tran H, Etumuse B, Shah JD, El-Abed Y, et al. Misinformation Persists in Complementary Health: Evaluating the Reliability and Quality of YouTube-Based Information on the Use of Acupuncture for Chronic Pain. J Pain Res. 2024;17:1509\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S459475","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2059_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205520762513881","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251388140","volume":"11","author":"L Duan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duan L, Yao Z, Li X, Wu Y, Sheng D. Comparing large language models and human doctors in symptom-driven online medical consultations: A case study on trigeminal neuralgia. Digit Health. 2025;11:20552076251388140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076251388140","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"2059_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69955","DOI":"10.2196\/69955","volume":"27","author":"J Will","year":"2025","unstructured":"Will J, Gupta M, Zaretsky J, Dowlath A, Testa P, Feldman J. Enhancing the Readability of Online Patient Education Materials Using Large Language Models: Cross-Sectional Study. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e69955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/69955","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2059_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205520762513574","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251357468","volume":"11","author":"CW Tsai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsai CW, Lin YJ, Hou JU, Tsai SC, Yeh PC, Kao CH. Optimizing patient education for radioactive iodine therapy and the role of ChatGPT incorporating chain-of-thought technique: ChatGPT questionnaire. Digit Health. 2025;11:20552076251357468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076251357468","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"2059_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hussain Z, Khan A, Haider HA, Naz F, Iqbal R, Burki S et al. Comparing the efficacy of ai-assisted vs. traditional diagnostic imaging in radiology \u2013 a meta-analysis. IJHR. 2025;3(2(Health&Rehab)):163\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71000\/vd11kz38","DOI":"10.71000\/vd11kz38"},{"key":"2059_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.8622","author":"A Van Dutta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dutta A, Beriwal N, Van Breugel LM, Sachdeva S, Barman B, Saikia H, et al. YouTube as a source of medical and epidemiological information during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study of content across six languages around the globe. Cureus. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.8622.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32452","DOI":"10.2196\/32452","volume":"2","author":"EK Quinn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quinn EK, Fenton S, Ford-Sahibzada CA, Harper A, Marcon AR, Caulfield T, et al. COVID-19 and Vitamin D Misinformation on YouTube: Content Analysis. JMIR Infodemiology. 2022;2(1):e32452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/32452.","journal-title":"JMIR Infodemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2059_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3390\/info17030273","volume":"17","author":"G Shen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Shen G, Wei L, Tao H, Chen L, Chen P, Li Y, et al. Information Quality and Audience Engagement of Cesarean Section-Related Videos on YouTube and Bilibili: A Cross-Platform Analysis. Information. 2026;17(3):273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info17030273.","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"5","key":"2059_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.497","volume":"7","author":"JM Morahan-Martin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morahan-Martin JM. How Internet Users Find, Evaluate, and Use Online Health Information: A Cross-Cultural Review. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2004;7(5):497\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.497.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2059_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.2.105","volume":"53","author":"D Charnock","year":"1999","unstructured":"Charnock D, Shepperd S, Needham G, Gann R. DISCERN: an instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information on treatment choices. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(2):105\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.53.2.105.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2059_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01325.x","volume":"102","author":"A Bernard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bernard A, Langille M, Hughes S, Rose C, Leddin D, Veldhuyzen Van Zanten S. A Systematic Review of Patient Inflammatory Bowel Disease Information Resources on the World Wide Web. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(9):2070\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01325.x.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.04.1.p013","volume":"4","author":"N Nachar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nachar N. The Mann-Whitney U. A Test for Assessing Whether Two Independent Samples Come from the Same Distribution. TQMP. 2008;4(1):13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20982\/tqmp.04.1.p013.","journal-title":"TQMP"},{"issue":"3","key":"2059_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2012;22(3):276\u201382.","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159\u201374.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2059_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2016.06.038","volume":"13","author":"AB Rosenkrantz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosenkrantz AB, Won E, Doshi AM. Assessing the Content of YouTube Videos in Educating Patients Regarding Common Imaging Examinations. J Am Coll Radiol. 2016;13(12):1509\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacr.2016.06.038.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-014-0769-9","volume":"30","author":"CH Basch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basch CH, Hillyer GC, MacDonald ZL, Reeves R, Basch CE. Characteristics of YouTube\u2122 Videos Related to Mammography. J Cancer Educ. 2015;30(4):699\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13187-014-0769-9.","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"key":"2059_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205520762311790","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231179053","volume":"9","author":"AWK Yeung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yeung AWK, Parvanov ED, Horba\u0144czuk JO, Kletecka-Pulker M, Kimberger O, Willschke H, et al. Are dental x-rays safe? Content analysis of English and Chinese YouTube videos. Digit Health. 2023;9:20552076231179053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076231179053.","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2059_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02448-8","volume":"29","author":"AJ Thirunavukarasu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thirunavukarasu AJ, Ting DSJ, Elangovan K, Gutierrez L, Tan TF, Ting DSW. Large language models in medicine. Nat Med. 2023;29(8):1930\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-023-02448-8.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7972","key":"2059_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06291-2","volume":"620","author":"K Singhal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature. 2023;620(7972):172\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06291-2.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"2059_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730","volume":"55","author":"Z Ji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ji Z, Lee N, Frieske R, Yu T, Su D, Xu Y, et al. Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generation. ACM Comput Surv. 2023;55(12):1\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3571730.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"}],"container-title":["Japanese Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11604-026-02059-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11604-026-02059-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11604-026-02059-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T10:15:28Z","timestamp":1793355328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11604-026-02059-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11604-026-02059-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1867-1071","1867-108X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-1071","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-108X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author declared no competing interests. (Note: The mention of specific commercial entities or alternative practitioners in the study was based solely on objective data analysis and does not represent a personal conflict of interest.)","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study involved the analysis of publicly available video content on YouTube. As the data did not involve direct interaction with human subjects or access to private identifiable information, Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was waived. All data collected were non-personally identifiable and accessible in the public domain.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable, as the study analyzed public data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Artificial intelligence (Google\u2019s Gemini-3) was utilized in this study specifically as a comparative analytical tool. The AI model served as an independent rater to assess inter-rater reliability against the human expert, as detailed in the Methods and Results sections. The authors affirm that the study design, verification of statistical data, and final manuscript preparation were conducted by human authors, who take full responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of artificial intelligence (AI)","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}