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In Phase 1, 10 participants (137 scans) were selected for pipeline optimization: Fast versus Normal modes and five denoising methods were compared using detrended within-participant CV. In Phase 2, 30 participants aged \u226560\u00a0years (337 scans) were analyzed. Volumetric changes in six structures were modeled using a linear mixed-effects model with false discovery rate correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fast mode demonstrated similar detrended longitudinal variability to Normal mode across the six analyzed structures (detrended CV range: 2.26\u20139.32%), with approximately 10-fold faster processing. No tested denoising method meaningfully improved the selected serial-variability metrics over raw CT. In the primary random-intercept model, all six structures showed significant population-average volumetric trends (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001, FDR\n                      <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001): autochthon (paraspinal) muscles (\u2212\u20090.72%\/year), iliopsoas (\u2212\u20090.74%\/year), liver (\u2212\u20090.55%\/year), kidneys (\u2212\u20090.49%\/year), pancreas (\u2212\u20090.97%\/year), and aorta (+\u20090.94%\/year). In the random-slope sensitivity analysis, all six structures\u2014including the iliopsoas and aorta\u2014remained statistically significant (all RS\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01) when individual trajectory slopes were accommodated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fast mode on raw low-dose PET\/CT provided the most favorable speed\u2013stability trade-off for TotalSegmentator-based multi-organ volumetry. Long-term within-participant volumetric trends were detectable over a 13-year follow-up, supporting technical feasibility but not yet establishing biological attribution or clinical utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-026-02079-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:15:55Z","timestamp":1790140555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Technical feasibility of AI-based longitudinal multi-organ volumetry on low-dose PET\/CT over 13\u00a0years"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Rika","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1547-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Sekine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Sohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aruki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahiro","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromitsu","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-Ichiro","family":"Kumita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2079_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa141","volume":"76","author":"L Lenchik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lenchik L, Barnard R, Boutin RD, et al. 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