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Although abstinence has been considered the ideal outcome of alcohol treatment, reductions in WHO RDLs have been proposed as primary outcomes for alcohol use disorder (AUD) trials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The current study examines the stability of WHO RDL reductions and the association between RDL reductions and long-term functioning for up to 3\u00a0years following treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Design and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Secondary data analysis of patients with AUD enrolled in the COMBINE Study and Project MATCH, two multi-site, randomized AUD clinical trials, who were followed for up to 3\u00a0years post-treatment (COMBINE: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009694; MATCH: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009806).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Measures<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Alcohol use was measured via calendar-based methods. We estimated all models in the total sample and among participants who did not achieve abstinence during treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>One-level RDL reductions were achieved by 84% of patients at the end of treatment, with 84.9% of those individuals maintaining that reduction at a 3-year follow-up. Two-level RDL reductions were achieved by 68% of patients at the end of treatment, with 77.7% of those individuals maintaining that reduction at a 3-year follow-up. One- and two-level RDL reductions at the end of treatment were associated with significantly better mental health, quality of life (including physical quality of life), and fewer drinking consequences 3\u00a0years after treatment (<jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.05), as compared to no change or increased drinking.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>AUD patients can maintain WHO RDL reductions for up to 3\u00a0years after treatment. Patients who had WHO RDL reductions functioned significantly better than those who did not reduce their drinking. These findings are consistent with prior reports suggesting that drinking reductions, short of abstinence, yield meaningful improvements in patient health, well-being, and functioning.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06331-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T15:04:38Z","timestamp":1605193478000},"page":"404-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Stability of Drinking Reductions and Long-term Functioning Among Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Witkiewitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry R.","family":"Kranzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Hallgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah S.","family":"Hasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnie P.","family":"Aldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary A.","family":"Zarkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl F.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"O\u2019Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond F.","family":"Anton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"6331_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax4043","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax4043","volume":"5","author":"K Witkiewitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Witkiewitz K, Litten RZ, Leggio L. 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Dr. Hasin is principal investigator of a study funded by inVentiv Health Consulting that combines support from Actavis, Inc.; Endo Pharmaceuticals; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Mallinckrodt, LLC; Pfizer, Inc.; Purdue Pharma, L.P.; Rhodes Pharmaceuticals, L.P.; Roxane Laboratories, Inc.; and Zogenix, Inc. Dr. O\u2019Malley reports being a consultant or an advisory board member of Alkermes, Indivior, Mitsubishi Tanabe, and Opiant, and a NIDA Clinical Trials Network DSMB member with honorarium from the Emmes Corporation and non-financial support from Amygdala Neurosciences, Astra Zeneca, and Novartis. Dr. Anton has been a consultant in recent past for Insys, Allergan, and Life Epigenetics, has received honorarium from Alkermes for grant reviews and advisory board activities, and currently has grant funding from Laboratorio Farmaceutico CT. Dr. Hallgren reports personal fees from Pear Therapeutics, outside the submitted work. Drs. Witkiewitz, Kranzler, Mann, Hasin, O\u2019Malley, Aldridge, Zarkin, and Anton are members of or have participated in meetings sponsored by the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology\u2019s Alcohol Clinical Trials Initiative (ACTIVE Group), which over the time that this paper was developed was supported by Alkermes, Amygdala Neurosciences, Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Ethypharm, Indivior, Lundbeck, Mitsubishi, and Otsuka.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The funders had no role in the design, analysis, interpretation, or publication of this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}