{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T20:10:28Z","timestamp":1777839028210,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012009","name":"Hitachi Global Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06814-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T20:03:31Z","timestamp":1620245011000},"page":"3423-3430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Career Ladders for Medical Assistants in Primary Care Clinics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4044-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janette","family":"Dill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Craft","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmeline","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"6814_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12602","volume":"52","author":"S Chapman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chapman S, Blash L. New Roles for Medical Assistants in Innovative Primary Care Practices. Health Serv Res 2017;52:383-406. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.12602","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6814_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15265","DOI":"10.5465\/AMBPP.2016.15265abstract","volume":"2016","author":"B Sheridan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sheridan B, Chien AT, Peters AS, Rosenthal M, Brooks JV, Singer SJ. Team-Based Primary Care: The Medical Assistant Perspective. Acad Manag Proc 2016;2016(1):15265. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/AMBPP.2016.15265abstract","journal-title":"Acad Manag Proc"},{"issue":"5","key":"6814_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0922","volume":"36","author":"J Hsu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hsu J, Price M, Vogeli C, et al. Bending The Spending Curve By Altering Care Delivery Patterns: The Role Of Care Management Within A Pioneer ACO. Health Aff 2017;36(5):876-884. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0922","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"5","key":"6814_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0158","volume":"29","author":"RJ Reid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reid RJ, Coleman K, Johnson EA, et al. The Group Health Medical Home At Year Two: Cost Savings, Higher Patient Satisfaction, And Less Burnout For Providers. Health Aff 2010;29(5):835-843. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0158","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"4","key":"6814_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558715579862","volume":"72","author":"JA Alexander","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alexander JA, Markovitz AR, Paustian ML, et al. Implementation of Patient-Centered Medical Homes in Adult Primary Care Practices. Med Care Res Rev 2015;72(4):438-467. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077558715579862","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl_1","key":"6814_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1475","volume":"11","author":"J Day","year":"2013","unstructured":"Day J, Scammon DL, Kim J, et al. Quality, Satisfaction, and Financial Efficiency Associated With Elements of Primary Care Practice Transformation: Preliminary Findings. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(Suppl_1):S50-S59. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/afm.1475","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6814_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/07-040","volume":"11","author":"E (Estee) B Neuwirth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neuwirth E (Estee) B, Schmittdiel JA, Tallman K, Bellows J. Understanding Panel Management: A Comparative Study of an Emerging Approach to Population Care. Permanente J 2007;11(3):12-20. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3057714\/","journal-title":"Permanente J"},{"issue":"6","key":"6814_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1713","volume":"12","author":"T Bodenheimer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bodenheimer T, Sinsky C. From Triple to Quadruple Aim: Care of the Patient Requires Care of the Provider. Ann Fam Med 2014;12(6):573-576. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/afm.1713","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"6814_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0026","volume":"29","author":"T Bodenheimer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bodenheimer T, Pham HH. Primary Care: Current Problems And Proposed Solutions. Health Aff 2010;29(5):799-805. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0026","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"4","key":"6814_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2010.00611.x","volume":"88","author":"HC Kaplan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaplan HC, Brady PW, Dritz MC, et al. The Influence of Context on Quality Improvement Success in Health Care: A Systematic Review of the Literature: Quality Improvement Success in Health Care. Milbank Q 2010;88(4):500-559. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2010.00611.x","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"6814_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1531","volume":"11","author":"CA Sinsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sinsky CA, Willard-Grace R, Schutzbank AM, Sinsky TA, Margolius D, Bodenheimer T. In search of joy in practice: a report of 23 high-functioning primary care practices. Ann Fam Med 2013;11(3):272-278.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"6814_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000239","volume":"52","author":"S Stout","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stout S, Weeg S. The Practice Perspective on Transformation: Experience and Learning from the Frontlines. Med Care 2014;52:S23-S25. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000239","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"6814_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2666-z","volume":"29","author":"G True","year":"2014","unstructured":"True G, Stewart GL, Lampman M, Pelak M, Solimeo SL. Teamwork and delegation in medical homes: primary care staff perspectives in the Veterans Health Administration. J Gen Intern Med 2014;29(2):632-639.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"6814_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green F. Demanding Work: The Paradox of Job Quality in the Affluent Economy. Princeton University Press; 2006.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400849437"},{"issue":"1","key":"6814_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/0730888404271901","volume":"32","author":"MJ Handel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Handel MJ. Trends in perceived job quality, 1989 to 1998. Work Occup 2005;32(1):66-94.","journal-title":"Work Occup"},{"issue":"2","key":"6814_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/0730888404263900","volume":"31","author":"P McGovern","year":"2004","unstructured":"McGovern P, Smeaton D, Hill S. Bad jobs in Britain: Nonstandard employment and job quality. Work Occup 2004;31(2):225-249.","journal-title":"Work Occup"},{"key":"6814_CR17","unstructured":"Kalleberg AL. Good Jobs, Bad Jobs: The Rise of Polarized and Precarious Employment Systems in the United States, 1970s-2000s. Russell Sage Foundation; 2011."},{"key":"6814_CR18","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. Medical Assistants : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Published 2020. Accessed September 17, 2020. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/healthcare\/medical-assistants.htm."},{"key":"6814_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skillman SM, Dahal A, Frogner BK, Andrilla CHA. Frontline Workers\u2019 Career Pathways: A Detailed Look at Washington State\u2019s Medical Assistant Workforce. Medical Care Research and Review. Published online 2018:1077558718812950.","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558718812950"},{"issue":"2","key":"6814_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gns085","volume":"53","author":"J Dill","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dill J, Morgan JC, Marshall VW. Contingency, employment intentions, and retention of vulnerable low-wage workers: an examination of nursing assistants in nursing homes. The Gerontologist 2012;53(2):222-234.","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"6814_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1177\/0950017012474707","volume":"27","author":"JC Morgan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morgan JC, Dill J, Kalleberg AL. The quality of healthcare jobs: can intrinsic rewards compensate for low extrinsic rewards? Work Employ Soc 2013;27(5):802-822.","journal-title":"Work Employ Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"6814_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/HMR.0b013e31819c8b11","volume":"34","author":"A Temple","year":"2009","unstructured":"Temple A, Dobbs D, Andel R. Exploring correlates of turnover among nursing assistants in the National Nursing Home Survey. Health Care Manag Rev 2009;34(2):182-190.","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Rev"},{"key":"6814_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budig MJ, Hodges MJ, England P. Wages of Nurturant and Reproductive Care Workers: Individual and Job Characteristics, Occupational Closure, and Wage-Equalizing Institutions. Social Problems. Published online 2018.","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spy007"},{"key":"6814_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruggles S, Genadek K, Goeken R, Grover J, Sobek M. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 7.0. Published online 2017. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D010.V7.0","DOI":"10.18128\/D010.V7.0"},{"key":"6814_CR25","unstructured":"Dill J, Akosionu O, Karbeah J, Henning-Smith C. Addressing Systemic Racial Inequity In The Health Care Workforce. Health Affairs Blog. Published 2020. Accessed September 17, 2020. https:\/\/www.healthaffairs.org\/do\/10.1377\/hblog20200908.133196\/full\/."},{"key":"6814_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.021","volume":"122","author":"J Dill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dill J, Chuang E, Morgan JC. Healthcare organization\u2013education partnerships and career ladder programs for health care workers. Soc Sci Med 2014;122:63-71.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6814_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/HMR.0b013e318201d1bf","volume":"36","author":"AN Garman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garman AN, McAlearney AS, Harrison MI, Song PH, McHugh M. High-performance work systems in health care management, part 1: development of an evidence-informed model. Health Care Manag Rev 2011;36(3):201-213.","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"6814_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-78","volume":"6","author":"BJ Weiner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weiner BJ, Belden CM, Bergmire DM, Johnston M. The meaning and measurement of implementation climate. Implement Sci 2011;6(1):78.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"6814_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726717734035","volume":"71","author":"J Dill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dill J, Morgan JC. Employability among low-skill workers: Organizational expectations and practices in the US health care sector. Hum Relat 2018;71(7):1001-1022.","journal-title":"Hum Relat"},{"key":"6814_CR30","unstructured":"Fitzgerald J. Moving up in the New Economy: Career Ladders for US Workers. Cornell University Press; 2006."},{"issue":"4","key":"6814_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01366.x","volume":"47","author":"E Chuang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chuang E, Dill J, Morgan JC, Konrad TR. A configurational approach to the relationship between high-performance work practices and frontline health care worker outcomes. Health Serv Res 2012;47(4):1460-1481.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"6814_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/HMR.0b013e31829fcbfd","volume":"39","author":"J Dill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dill J, Morgan JC, Weiner B. Frontline health care workers and perceived career mobility: do high-performance work practices make a difference? Health Care Manag Rev 2014;39(4):318-328.","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"6814_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.1319","volume":"174","author":"T Bodenheimer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bodenheimer T, Willard-Grace R, Ghorob A. Expanding the Roles of Medical Assistants: Who Does What in Primary Care? JAMA Intern Med 2014;174(7):1025. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.1319","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"6814_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.0234","volume":"32","author":"T Bodenheimer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bodenheimer T, Smith M. Primary Care: Proposed Solutions To The Physician Shortage Without Training More Physicians. Health Aff 2013;32(11):1881-1886. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.0234","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"6814_CR35","unstructured":"Gawande A. Why doctors hate their computers. New Yorker. Published online 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"6814_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304801","volume":"109","author":"KE Himmelstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Himmelstein KE, Venkataramani AS. Economic Vulnerability Among US Female Health Care Workers: Potential Impact of a $15-per-Hour Minimum Wage. Am J Public Health 2019;109(2):198-205.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"6814_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dill J, Morgan JC, Chuang E, Mingo C. Redesigning the Role of Medical Assistants in Primary Care: Challenges and Strategies During Implementation. Med Care Res Rev. Published online August 14, 2019:107755871986914. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077558719869143","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558719869143"},{"key":"6814_CR38","unstructured":"Ducey A. Never Good Enough: Health Care Workers and the False Promise of Job Training. Cornell University Press; 2009."},{"issue":"4","key":"6814_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8543.2010.00807.x","volume":"48","author":"MM Kleiner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kleiner MM, Krueger AB. The prevalence and effects of occupational licensing. Br J Ind Relat 2010;48(4):676-687.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Relat"},{"issue":"7","key":"6814_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2005.00463.x","volume":"27","author":"SA Nancarrow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nancarrow SA, Borthwick AM. Dynamic professional boundaries in the healthcare workforce. Sociol Health Illness 2005;27(7):897-919.","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illness"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06814-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06814-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06814-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T01:08:01Z","timestamp":1651712881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06814-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["6814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06814-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}