{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T23:09:14Z","timestamp":1749683354660,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000867","name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009827","name":"Laura and John Arnold Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Pilot Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pilot Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07555-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T19:17:04Z","timestamp":1650050224000},"page":"2855-2860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["What Constitutes Evidence? Colorectal Cancer Screening and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5119-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barron H.","family":"Lerner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Curtiss-Rowlands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"7555_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7990","volume":"315","author":"DF Ransohoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ransohoff DF, Sox HC. Clinical practice guidelines for colorectal cancer screening: new recommendations and new challenges. JAMA. 2016;315:2529-31.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"7555_CR2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare\u2019s Proposed Regulation to Implement New Preventive Services Under Medicare Modernization Act, July 27, 2004. Available at https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/newsroom\/fact-sheets\/medicares-proposed-regulation-implement-new-preventive-services-under-medicare-modernization-act. Accessed on June 18, 2021."},{"key":"7555_CR3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventive Services Coverage, May 5, 2020. Available at\u00a0https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/highqualitycare\/preventiveservices\/index.html. Accessed on June 18, 2021."},{"key":"7555_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1604635","volume":"375","author":"LE Bothwell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bothwell LE, Podolsky SH. The emergence of the randomized, controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:501-4.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"7555_CR5","volume-title":"Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine","author":"DL Sackett","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Tugwell P. Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. Boston: Little, Brown and Company; 1985."},{"key":"7555_CR6","volume-title":"Effectiveness and efficiency: Random reflections on health services","author":"AL Cochrane","year":"1972","unstructured":"Cochrane AL. Effectiveness and efficiency: Random reflections on health services. London: Nuffield Trust; 1972."},{"key":"7555_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.7.1.19","volume":"7","author":"DM Eddy","year":"1988","unstructured":"Eddy DM. The quality of medical evidence: implications for quality of care. Health Aff (Millwood). 1988;7:19-32.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)."},{"key":"7555_CR8","first-page":"330","volume":"17","author":"DL Sackett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM. On the need for evidence-based medicine. J. Public Health. 1995;17:330-4.","journal-title":"J. Public Health."},{"key":"7555_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2011.13.1.mhst1-1101","volume":"13","author":"DM Eddy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eddy DM. The origins of evidence-based medicine: A personal perspective. AMA J Ethics. 2011;13:55-60.","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics."},{"key":"7555_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.286182","volume":"311","author":"R Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith R, Rennie D. Evidence-based medicine\u2014an oral history. JAMA. 2014;311:365-7.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"7555_CR11","unstructured":"Sackett DL, Straus S, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence-based Medicine: How to Teach and Practice EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2000."},{"key":"7555_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sox HC, Woolf SH. Evidence-based practice guidelines from the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 1993;269:2678.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500200092041"},{"key":"7555_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-2-200707170-00170","volume":"147","author":"J Guirguis-Blake","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guirguis-Blake J, Calonge N, Miller T, et al. Current processes of the US Preventive Services Task Force: refining evidence-based recommendation development. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:117-22.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"7555_CR14","volume-title":"US Preventive Services Task Force Procedure Manual","author":"RP Harris","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harris RP, Atkins D, Berg AO, et al. US Preventive Services Task Force Procedure Manual. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2001."},{"key":"7555_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00261-6","volume":"20","author":"RP Harris","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, et al. Current methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20:21-35.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"7555_CR16","first-page":"41","volume-title":"The breast cancer wars: hope, fear, and the pursuit of a cure in twentieth-century America","author":"BH Lerner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lerner BH. The breast cancer wars: hope, fear, and the pursuit of a cure in twentieth-century America. New York: Oxford Univ Pr; 2001, pp. 41-68."},{"key":"7555_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199107043250107","volume":"325","author":"DF Ransohoff","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ransohoff DF, Lang CA. Screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:37-41.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"7555_CR18","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Guide to clinical preventive services: report of the US Preventive Services Task Force","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"1989","unstructured":"US Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to clinical preventive services: report of the US Preventive Services Task Force. Collingdale, PA: Diane Publishing Company; 1989, pp. 47-55."},{"key":"7555_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305133281901","volume":"328","author":"JS Mandel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1365-71.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"7555_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-2-200207160-00015","volume":"137","author":"M Pignone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pignone M, Rich M, Teutsch SM, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer in adults at average risk: a summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:132-41.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"7555_CR21","unstructured":"US Preventive Services Task Force, United States. Office of Disease Prevention, Health Promotion. Guide to clinical preventive services: report of the US Preventive Services Task Force. US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996, pp. 89-103."},{"key":"7555_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199203053261001","volume":"326","author":"JV Selby","year":"1992","unstructured":"Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr., et al. A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:653\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"7555_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312303292701","volume":"329","author":"SJ Winawer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1977-81.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"7555_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-2-200207160-00014","volume":"137","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2002","unstructured":"US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for colorectal cancer: recommendation and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:129-31.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"7555_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31817d930b","volume":"46","author":"RH Fletcher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fletcher RH. Personalized screening for colorectal cancer. Med Care. 2008;46:S5-9.","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"7555_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-9-200811040-00243","volume":"149","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2008","unstructured":"US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:627-37.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"7555_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-9-200811040-00244","volume":"149","author":"AG Zauber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zauber AG, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Knudsen AB, Wilschut J, van Ballegooijen M, Kuntz KM. Evaluating test strategies for colorectal cancer screening: a decision analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:659-69.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"7555_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips CJ, Schoen RE. Screening for colorectal cancer in the age of simulation models: a historical lens. Gastroenterology. 2020;159:1201-04.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.07.010"},{"key":"7555_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5989","volume":"315","author":"K Bibbins-Domingo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;315:2564-75.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"7555_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zauber AG, Shi W, Winawer SJ et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:687-96.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1100370"},{"key":"7555_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knudsen AB, Zauber AG, Rutter CM, et al. Estimation of benefits, burden, and harms of colorectal cancer screening strategies: modeling study for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016;315:2595-609.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6828"},{"key":"7555_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1805","volume":"166","author":"M Bretthauer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bretthauer M, Kaminski MF, Hassan C, et al. America, we are confused: the updated U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation on colorectal cancer screening. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:139\u201340.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"volume-title":"SEER cancer statistics review, 1975\u20132000","year":"2003","key":"7555_CR33","unstructured":"Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. eds. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975\u20132000. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute, http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/csr\/1975\u20132000, 2003."},{"key":"7555_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41829.x","volume":"100","author":"S Agrawal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Agrawal S, Bhupinderjit A, Bhutani MS, et al. Colorectal cancer in African Americans. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2005;100:515-23.","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"7555_CR35","first-page":"1439","volume":"58","author":"MV Ionescu","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ionescu MV, Carey F, Tait IS, et al. Socioeconomic status and stage at presentation of colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1986;58:1439.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"7555_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-199510000-00008","volume":"18","author":"BD Powe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Powe BD. Fatalism among elderly African Americans: Effects on colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Nurs. 1995;18:385\u201392.","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs."},{"key":"7555_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.12.1794","volume":"86","author":"J Mandelblatt","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mandelblatt J, Andrews H, Kao R, et al. The late-stage diagnosis of colorectal cancer: Demographic and socioeconomic factors. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:1794\u2013 7.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"7555_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00316-4","volume":"54","author":"S Marcella","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marcella S, Miller JE. Racial differences in colorectal cancer mortality: The importance of stage and socioeconomic status. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:359\u201366.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"7555_CR39","first-page":"529","volume":"11","author":"AS James","year":"2002","unstructured":"James AS, Campbell MK, Hudson MA. Perceived barriers and benefits to colon cancer screening among African Americans in North Carolina: How does perception relate to screening behavior. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11:529\u201334.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"7555_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.22535","volume":"120","author":"CP Theuer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Theuer CP, Wagner JL, Taylor TH, et al. Racial and ethnic colorectal cancer patterns affect the cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:848-56.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"7555_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.03.001","volume":"71","author":"BD Cash","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cash BD, Banerjee S, Anderson MA, et al. Ethnic issues in endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:1108-12.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc."},{"key":"7555_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00010","volume":"156","author":"A Qaseem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qaseem A, Denberg TD, Hopkins RH Jr, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:378-86.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"7555_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.08.040","volume":"70","author":"I Lansdorp-Vogelaar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, van Ballegooijen M, Zauber AG, et al. Individualizing colonoscopy screening by sex and race. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70:96-108.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc."},{"key":"7555_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.03.1899","volume":"82","author":"IM Paquette","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paquette IM, Ying J, Shah SA, et al. African Americans should be screened at an earlier age for colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82:878\u201383.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc."},{"key":"7555_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.013","volume":"153","author":"DK Rex","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rex DK, Boland CR, Dominitz JA, et al. Colorectal cancer screening: recommendations for physicians and patients from the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:307-23.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"7555_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.11.1773","volume":"87","author":"VN Gamble","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gamble VN. Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87: 1773-8.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"7555_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500200092041","volume":"269","author":"HC Sox Jr","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sox HC Jr, Woolf SH. Evidence-based practice guidelines from the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 1993;269:2678.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"7555_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00262-8","volume":"20","author":"SH Woolf","year":"2001","unstructured":"Woolf SH, Atkins DA. The evolving role of prevention in health care: contributions of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20:13-20.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"7555_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.11.003","volume":"58","author":"AH Krist","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krist AH, Barry MJ, Wolff TA, et al. Evolution of the US Preventive Services Task Force's Methods. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58:332-5.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"7555_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurth AE, Krist AH, Borsky AE, et al. US Preventive Services Task Force methods to communicate and disseminate clinical preventive services recommendations. Am J Prev Med. 2018 Jan 1;54:S81-87.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.07.004"},{"key":"7555_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00232-9","volume":"47","author":"M Berkwits","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berkwits M. From practice to research: the case for criticism in an age of evidence. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47:1539-45.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"7555_CR52","volume-title":"The gold standard: the challenge of evidence-based medicine","author":"S Timmermans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Timmermans S, Berg M. The gold standard: the challenge of evidence-based medicine. Philadelphia: Temple Univ Pr; 2010."},{"key":"7555_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g3725","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g3725","volume":"348","author":"T Greenhalgh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greenhalgh T, Howick J, Maskrey N. Evidence-based medicine: a movement in crisis? BMJ. 2014;348:g3725.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"7555_CR54","unstructured":"Carroll AE. What we mean when we say evidence-based medicine. New York Times, December 27, 2017."}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-022-07555-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-022-07555-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-022-07555-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T00:03:24Z","timestamp":1681517004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-022-07555-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["7555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-022-07555-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0884-8734"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1525-1497"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}