{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:46:11Z","timestamp":1790721971218,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1AI127203-4S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AI127203-4S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI170159-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI170159-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008891","name":"Loma Linda University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was associated with severe acute illness including multiple organ failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was a common finding, often requiring dialysis support.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Define the incidence of new clinically identified chronic kidney disease (CKD) among patients with COVID-19 and no pre-existing kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Design Participants<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The South Carolina (SC) Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) COVID-19 mandatory reporting registry of SC residents testing for COVID-19 between March 2020 and October 2021 was included.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Design Main Measures<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The primary outcome was a new incidence of a CKD diagnosis (N18.x) in those without a pre-existing diagnosis of CKD during the follow-up period of March 2020 to January 14, 2022. Patients were stratified by severity of illness (hospitalized or not, intensive care unit needed or not). The new incidence of CKD diagnosis was examined using logistic regression and cox proportional hazards analyses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among patients with COVID-19 (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 683,958) without a pre-existing CKD diagnosis, 8322 (1.2 %) were found to have a new diagnosis of CKD. The strongest predictors for subsequent CKD diagnosis were age \u2265 60 years hazard ratio (HR) 31.5 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 25.5\u201338.8), and intervening (between COVID-19 and CKD diagnoses) AKI diagnosis HR 20.7 (95%CI 19.7\u201321.7). The presence of AKI was associated with an HR of 23.6, 95% CI 22.3\u201325.0, among those not hospitalized, and HR of 6.2, 95% CI 5.7\u20136.8 among those hospitalized, for subsequent CKD. COVID-19 was not significantly associated with subsequent CKD after accounting for the severity of illness and comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among SC residents, COVID-19 was not associated with CKD independent from indicators of the severity of illness, especially AKI diagnosis. Kidney-specific follow-up testing may be reserved for those high-risk for CKD development. Further prospective registries should examine the long-term kidney consequences to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08184-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T20:31:51Z","timestamp":1681331511000},"page":"1911-1919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease Following Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 Based on South Carolina Statewide Data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Roy O.","family":"Mathew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bankole","family":"Olatosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"8184_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.1924397","volume":"53","author":"SJ Yong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yong SJ. Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infect Dis (Auckl). 2021;53(10):737-754.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23744235.2021.1924397","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Auckl)"},{"key":"8184_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.11.003","volume":"241","author":"JD Long","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long JD, Strohbehn IAN, Sawtell RANI, Bhattacharyya ROBY, Sise ME. COVID-19 Survival and its impact on chronic kidney disease. Transl Res. 2022;241:70-82.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.11.003","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"8184_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.006","volume":"98","author":"JS Hirsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209-218.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.006","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"8184_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00452-0","volume":"17","author":"M Legrand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Legrand M, Bell S, Forni L, et al. Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(11):751-764.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-021-00452-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"8184_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01120211","volume":"6","author":"CV Thakar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thakar C V., Christianson A, Himmelfarb J, Leonard AC. Acute kidney injury episodes and chronic kidney disease risk in diabetes mellitus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(11):2567-2572.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.01120211","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8184_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02440213","volume":"9","author":"LS Chawla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chawla LS, Amdur RL, Shaw AD, Faselis C, Palant CE, Kimmel PL. Association between AKI and long-term renal and cardiovascular outcomes in united states veterans. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(3):448-456.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.02440213","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8184_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.5414\/CN108153","volume":"81","author":"PJ Der Mesropian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Der Mesropian PJ, Kalamaras JS, Eisele G, Phelps KR, Asif A, Mathew RO. Long-term outcomes of community-acquired versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: A retrospective analysis. Clin Nephrol. 2014;81(3):174-184.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5414\/CN108153","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8184_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5301-4","volume":"18","author":"PA Gheewala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gheewala PA, Peterson GM, Zaidi STR, Jose MD, Castelino RL. Public knowledge of chronic kidney disease evaluated using a validated questionnaire: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1-12.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5301-4","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"8184_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00851-9","volume":"34","author":"N Khoshdel-Rad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khoshdel-Rad N, Zahmatkesh E, Shpichka A, Timashev P, Vosough M. Outbreak of chronic renal failure: will this be a delayed heritage of COVID-19? J Nephrol. 2021;34(1):3-5.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-020-00851-9","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"8184_CR10","unstructured":"Turner K, Davidson S, Collins J, Park S, Pedati C. Standardized surveillance case definition and national notification for 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Epidemiologists, Council of State and Territorial. Published 2020. Accessed April 24, 2021. https:\/\/int.nyt.com\/data\/documenthelper\/6908-cste-interim-20-id-01-covid-19\/85d47e89b637cd643d50\/optimized\/full.pdf"},{"key":"8184_CR11","unstructured":"Health Resources and Services Administration [HRSA]. List of Rural Counties And Designated Eligible Census Tracts in Metropolitan Counties. Published 2018. Accessed April 24, 2021. http:\/\/www.census.gov\/population\/www\/metroareas\/metrodef.html"},{"key":"8184_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin A, Stevens PE, Bilous RW, et al. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Workgroup. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2017;3(1):1-50. Accessed February 11, 2021. www.publicationethics.org","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.10.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"8184_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.379","volume":"81","author":"SG Coca","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2012;81(5):442-448.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2011.379","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"8184_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heung M, Steffick DE, Zivin K, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Recovery Pattern and Subsequent Risk of CKD: An Analysis of Veterans Health Administration Data. In: American Journal of Kidney Diseases. Vol 67. Am J Kidney Dis; 2016:742-752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.10.019","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.10.019"},{"issue":"2","key":"8184_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mnh.0000441051.36783.f3","volume":"23","author":"LY Belayev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belayev LY, Palevsky PM. The link between acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23(2):149-154.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mnh.0000441051.36783.f3","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"8184_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014111114","volume":"27","author":"CY Hsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsu CY, Hsu RK, Yang J, Ordonez JD, Zheng S, Go AS. Elevated BP after AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(3):914-923.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2014111114","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8184_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020060804","volume":"32","author":"AA Shetty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shetty AA, Tawhari I, Safar-Boueri L, et al. COVID-19-associated glomerular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(1):33-40.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2020060804","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"8184_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020050558","volume":"31","author":"H Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu H, Larsen CP, Hernandez-Arroyo CF, et al. AKI and collapsing glomerulopathy associated with covid-19 and apol1 high-risk genotype. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(8):1688-1695.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2020050558","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"8184_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma P, Ng JH, Bijol V, Jhaveri KD, Wanchoo R. Pathology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(Supplement_1):i30-i39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfab003","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab003"},{"key":"8184_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daugherty SE, Guo Y, Heath K, et al. Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2021;373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n1098","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1098"},{"issue":"7862","key":"8184_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9","volume":"594","author":"Z Al-Aly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature. 2021;594(7862):259-264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"11","key":"8184_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021060734","volume":"32","author":"B Bowe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bowe B, Xie Y, Xu E, Al-Aly Z. Kidney outcomes in long COVID. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(11):2851-2862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2021060734","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"12","key":"8184_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00487-3","volume":"17","author":"S Yende","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yende S, Parikh CR. Long COVID and kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(12):792-793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-021-00487-3","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"issue":"7","key":"8184_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0273","volume":"165","author":"D Murphy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murphy D, McCulloch CE, Lin F, et al. Trends in prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(7):473-481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M16-0273","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"8184_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.11.003","volume":"241","author":"JD Long","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long JD, Strohbehn IAN, Sawtell RANI, Bhattacharyya ROBY, Sise ME. COVID-19 Survival and its impact on chronic kidney disease. Transl Res. 2022;241:70-82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.11.003","journal-title":"Transl Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08184-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08184-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08184-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T19:10:06Z","timestamp":1686856206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08184-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["8184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08184-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations:"}},{"value":"The first author is an employee of the Veterans Health Administration(VHA); this manuscript should not be taken as representative of the views of the VHA. The research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (grant number R01AI127203-4S1 to XL and R21AI170159-01A1 to XY). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Neither NIAID nor NIH had a role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest:"}}]}}