{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T22:05:08Z","timestamp":1794089108660,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08203-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T17:02:34Z","timestamp":1681923754000},"page":"2593-2606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Corticosteroids in Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia: a Systematic Review, Pairwise and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3015-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Pitre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniyal","family":"Abdali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipayan","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Pastores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Nei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djillali","family":"Annane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Rochwerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dena","family":"Zeraatkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"8203_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06394-2","volume":"47","author":"D Chaudhuri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaudhuri D, Sasaki K, Karkar A, Sharif S, Lewis K, Mammen MJ, et al. Corticosteroids in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ARDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(5):521-37.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"27","key":"8203_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E756","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200645","volume":"192","author":"Z Ye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ye Z, Wang Y, Colunga-Lozano LE, Prasad M, Tangamornsuksan W, Rochwerg B, et al. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in COVID-19 based on evidence for COVID-19, other coronavirus infections, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cmaj. 2020;192(27):E756-e67.","journal-title":"Cmaj."},{"key":"8203_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stern A, Skalsky K, Avni T, Carrara E, Leibovici L, Paul M. Corticosteroids for pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;12(12):Cd007720","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007720.pub3"},{"issue":"7","key":"8203_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","volume":"200","author":"JP Metlay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2019;200(7):e45-e67.","journal-title":"Ame J Resp Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8203_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, Hill AT, Jamieson C, Le Jeune I, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009;64 Suppl 3:iii1-55.","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.121434"},{"issue":"6","key":"8203_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.05.31","volume":"9","author":"TH Boyles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boyles TH, Brink A, Calligaro GL, Cohen C, Dheda K, Maartens G, et al. South African guideline for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(6):1469-502.","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"8203_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0715","volume":"163","author":"RA Siemieniuk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Siemieniuk RA, Meade MO, Alonso-Coello P, Briel M, Evaniew N, Prasad M, et al. Corticosteroid Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(7):519-28.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"8203_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13","volume":"5","author":"SP Hozo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hozo SP, Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005;5:13.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"8203_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Bmj. 2019;366:l4898.","journal-title":"Bmj."},{"key":"8203_CR10","unstructured":"Gordon Guyatt JB. Methods Commentary: Risk of Bias in Randomized Trials 1. 2021."},{"key":"8203_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitre T, Mah J, Helmeczi W, Khalid M, Cui S, Zhang M, et al. Medical treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Thorax. 2022.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-420792\/v1"},{"key":"8203_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1566-9_4","volume":"2345","author":"D Langan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Langan D. Assessing Heterogeneity in Random-Effects Meta-analysis. Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2345:67-89.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"8203_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90100-P","volume":"92","author":"L Forrow","year":"1992","unstructured":"Forrow L, Taylor WC, Arnold RM. Absolutely relative: how research results are summarized can affect treatment decisions. Am J Med. 1992;92(2):121-4.","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"8203_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-11-916","volume":"117","author":"CD Naylor","year":"1992","unstructured":"Naylor CD, Chen E, Strauss B. Measured enthusiasm: does the method of reporting trial results alter perceptions of therapeutic effectiveness? Ann Intern Med. 1992;117(11):916-21.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"8203_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.07.015","volume":"41","author":"G Tucker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tucker G, Metcalfe A, Pearce C, Need AG, Dick IM, Prince RL, et al. The importance of calculating absolute rather than relative fracture risk. Bone. 2007;41(6):937-41.","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"8203_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10:Ed000142","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.ED000142"},{"issue":"1","key":"8203_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0600600103","volume":"6","author":"N Orsini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Orsini N, Bellocco R, Greenland S. Generalized Least Squares for Trend Estimation of Summarized Dose\u2013response Data. The Stata Journal. 2006;6(1):40-57.","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"issue":"11","key":"8203_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116237","volume":"135","author":"S Greenland","year":"1992","unstructured":"Greenland S, Longnecker MP. Methods for Trend Estimation from Summarized Dose-Response Data, with Applications to Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;135(11):1301-9.","journal-title":"Ame J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"8203_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280218773122","volume":"28","author":"A Crippa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crippa A, Discacciati A, Bottai M, Spiegelman D, Orsini N. One-stage dose-response meta-analysis for aggregated data. Stat Methods Med Res. 2019;28(5):1579-96.","journal-title":"Stat Meth Med Res."},{"key":"8203_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90233-9","volume":"632","author":"AW Meikle","year":"1977","unstructured":"Meikle AW, Tyler FH. Potency and duration of action of glucocorticoids. Effects of hydrocortisone, prednisone and dexamethasone on human pituitary-adrenal function. Am J Med. 1977;63(2):200-7.","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"8203_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544010-00003","volume":"44","author":"D Czock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Czock D, Keller F, Rasche FM, H\u00e4ussler U. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(1):61-98.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"8203_CR22","unstructured":"Webb MSA. Oxford Handbook of Critical Care. 2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"8203_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-019-0679-x","volume":"55","author":"J Gauthier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gauthier J, Wu QV, Gooley TA. Cubic splines to model relationships between continuous variables and outcomes: a guide for clinicians. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020;55(4):675-80.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Trans."},{"issue":"2","key":"8203_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1194","volume":"8","author":"A Discacciati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Discacciati A, Crippa A, Orsini N. Goodness of fit tools for dose\u2013response meta-analysis of binary outcomes. Research Synthesis Methods. 2017;8(2):149-60.","journal-title":"Res Synth Meth."},{"issue":"11","key":"8203_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0","volume":"53","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Gavaghan D, Egger M. Publication and related bias in meta-analysis: power of statistical tests and prevalence in the literature. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53(11):1119-29.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"8203_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.21038","volume":"16","author":"H Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang H. Trial sequential analysis: novel approach for meta-analysis. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul). 2021;16(2):138-50.","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med (Seoul)."},{"key":"8203_CR27","unstructured":"Crippa A. Multivariate Dose-Response Meta-analysis 2.0.12017. Available from: https:\/\/alecri.github.io\/software\/dosresmeta.html."},{"key":"8203_CR28","unstructured":"Schwarzer G. General Package for Meta-analysis 5.2-02022. Available from: https:\/\/github.com\/guido-s\/meta\/."},{"issue":"32","key":"8203_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E901","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200077","volume":"192","author":"S Schandelmaier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schandelmaier S, Briel M, Varadhan R, Schmid CH, Devasenapathy N, Hayward RA, et al. Development of the Instrument to assess the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses (ICEMAN) in randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. Cmaj. 2020;192(32):E901-e6.","journal-title":"Cmaj."},{"issue":"7650","key":"8203_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Bmj. 2008;336(7650):924-6.","journal-title":"Bmj."},{"key":"8203_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.10.014","volume":"119","author":"N Santesso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santesso N, Glenton C, Dahm P, Garner P, Akl EA, Alper B, et al. GRADE guidelines 26: informative statements to communicate the findings of systematic reviews of interventions. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020;119:126-35.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"8203_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.10.005","volume":"93","author":"R Brignardello-Petersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brignardello-Petersen R, Bonner A, Alexander PE, Siemieniuk RA, Furukawa TA, Rochwerg B, et al. Advances in the GRADE approach to rate the certainty in estimates from\u00a0a network meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;93:36-44.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"8203_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.07.014","volume":"150","author":"L Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng L, Brignardello-Petersen R, Hultcrantz M, Mustafa RA, Murad MH, Iorio A, et al. GRADE Guidance 34: update on rating imprecision using a minimally contextualized approach. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2022;150:216-24.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"8203_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.1438","volume":"179","author":"M Lloyd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lloyd M, Karahalios A, Janus E, Skinner EH, Haines T, De Silva A, et al. Effectiveness of a Bundled Intervention Including Adjunctive Corticosteroids on Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Stepped-Wedge Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(8):1052-60.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"key":"8203_CR35","unstructured":"Li G, GU C, Zhang S, Lian R, Zhang G. Value of glucocorticoid steroids in the treatment of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia complicated with septic shock. Chinese Critical Care Med. 2016:780-4."},{"issue":"3","key":"8203_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2013.03.009","volume":"62","author":"RM Nafae","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nafae RM, Ragab MI, Amany FM, Rashed SB. Adjuvant role of corticosteroids in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis. 2013;62(3):439-45.","journal-title":"Egyptian J Chest Diseases Tubercul."},{"issue":"02","key":"8203_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2011.22009","volume":"2","author":"NA Sabry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sabry NA, Omar EE-D. Corticosteroids and ICU course of community acquired pneumonia in Egyptian settings. Pharmacology & Pharmacy. 2011;2(02):73.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Pharm."},{"issue":"3","key":"8203_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-808OC","volume":"171","author":"M Confalonieri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Confalonieri M, Urbino R, Potena A, Piattella M, Parigi P, Puccio G, et al. Hydrocortisone infusion for severe community-acquired pneumonia: a preliminary randomized study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(3):242-8.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"8203_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-007-9020-3","volume":"185","author":"K Mikami","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mikami K, Suzuki M, Kitagawa H, Kawakami M, Hirota N, Yamaguchi H, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Lung. 2007;185(5):249-55.","journal-title":"Lung."},{"issue":"9782","key":"8203_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60607-7","volume":"377","author":"SC Meijvis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meijvis SC, Hardeman H, Remmelts HH, Heijligenberg R, Rijkers GT, van Velzen-Blad H, et al. Dexamethasone and length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9782):2023-30.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"8203_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wittermans E, Vestjens SMT, Spoorenberg SMC, Blok WL, Grutters JC, Janssen R, et al. Adjunctive treatment with oral dexamethasone in non-ICU patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised clinical trial. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(2)","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02535-2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"8203_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200905-0808OC","volume":"181","author":"D Snijders","year":"2010","unstructured":"Snijders D, Daniels JM, de Graaff CS, van der Werf TS, Boersma WG. Efficacy of corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(9):975-82.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"8203_CR43","first-page":"91","volume":"55","author":"A El-Ghamrawy","year":"2006","unstructured":"El-Ghamrawy A, Shokeir M, Esmat A. Effects of low-dose hydrocortisone in ICU patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Egyptian Journal of Chest. 2006;55:91-9.","journal-title":"Egyptian J Chest."},{"issue":"5840","key":"8203_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5840.569","volume":"4","author":"VU McHardy","year":"1972","unstructured":"McHardy VU, Schonell ME. Ampicillin dosage and use of prednisolone in treatment of pneumonia: co-operative controlled trial. Br Med J. 1972;4(5840):569-73.","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"issue":"2","key":"8203_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10103","volume":"15","author":"S Fern\u00e1ndez-Serrano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Serrano S, Dorca J, Garcia-Vidal C, Fern\u00e1ndez-Sab\u00e9 N, Carratal\u00e0 J, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ag\u00fcera A, et al. Effect of corticosteroids on the clinical course of community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Critical Care. 2011;15(2):1-9.","journal-title":"Critical Care."},{"issue":"7","key":"8203_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.88","volume":"313","author":"A Torres","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torres A, Sibila O, Ferrer M, Polverino E, Menendez R, Mensa J, et al. Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2015;313(7):677-86.","journal-title":"Jama."},{"issue":"9977","key":"8203_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62447-8","volume":"385","author":"CA Blum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blum CA, Nigro N, Briel M, Schuetz P, Ullmer E, Suter-Widmer I, et al. Adjunct prednisone therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2015;385(9977):1511-8.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"2","key":"8203_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.2.389","volume":"104","author":"P Marik","year":"1993","unstructured":"Marik P, Kraus P, Sribante J, Havlik I, Lipman J, Johnson DW. Hydrocortisone and tumor necrosis factor in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled study. Chest. 1993;104(2):389-92.","journal-title":"Chest."},{"issue":"3","key":"8203_CR49","first-page":"197","volume":"98","author":"HN Wagner Jr","year":"1956","unstructured":"Wagner HN, Jr., Bennett IL, Jr., Lasagna L, Cluff LE, Rosenthal MB, Mirick GS. The effect of hydrocortisone upon the course of pneumococcal pneumonia treated with penicillin. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1956;98(3):197-215.","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp."},{"issue":"8","key":"8203_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06684-3","volume":"48","author":"GU Meduri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meduri GU, Shih MC, Bridges L, Martin TJ, El-Solh A, Seam N, et al. Low-dose methylprednisolone treatment in critically ill patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(8):1009-23.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"8203_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saleem N, Kulkarni A, Chandos Snow TA, Ambler G, Singer M, Arulkumaran N. Effect of corticosteroids on mortality and clinical cure in community-acquired pneumonia: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized control trials. Chest. 2022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2229"},{"issue":"1","key":"8203_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.09.036","volume":"163","author":"T Pitre","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pitre T, Rochwerg B, Zeraatkar D. Corticosteroids in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: In or Out? CHEST. 2023;163(1):e47-e8.","journal-title":"CHEST."},{"key":"8203_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annane D, Pastores SM, Rochwerg B, Arlt W, Balk RA, Beishuizen A, et al. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) in Critically Ill Patients (Part I): Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) 2017. Critical Care Medicine. 2017;45(12).","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002737"},{"key":"8203_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201610-2075ST","volume":"195","author":"TD Girard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Girard TD, Alhazzani W, Kress JP, Ouellette DR, Schmidt GA, Truwit JD, et al. An Official American Thoracic Society\/American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline: Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults. Rehabilitation Protocols, Ventilator Liberation Protocols, and Cuff Leak Tests. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(1):120-33.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08203-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08203-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08203-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T20:41:54Z","timestamp":1744144914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08203-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["8203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08203-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations:"}},{"value":"TP, DC, SMP, AMN, DN, and BR are members of the Society of Critical Care Medicine Corticosteroid Guidelines Focused Update Panel. SMP is the co-Chair of the Society of Critical Care Medicine Corticosteroid Guidelines Focused Update Panel. SMP discloses personal fees for advisory board work from AbbVie, royalty fees from McGraw Hill as textbook editor, and institutional grant support from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P30CA008748, RevImmune, BioMerieux, and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, outside the submitted work. No other authors made any disclosures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest:"}}]}}