{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T13:56:48Z","timestamp":1775138208693,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3U54GM115516-05S2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3U54GM115516-05S2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-024-08889-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T12:02:09Z","timestamp":1721217729000},"page":"3018-3027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Reaching Structurally Vulnerable Populations Using Low-Barrier COVID-19 Testing Clinics Co-Created with Community-Based Organizations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"David N.","family":"Ngandu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria D.","family":"Sclar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambia","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumayo A.","family":"Awale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hina","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swapnika","family":"Mallipeddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie Louise","family":"Mudasigana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Nicoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisy E.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Vinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Volkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Fairfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"8889_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6917e1","volume":"69","author":"E Mosites","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mosites E, Parker EM, Clarke KEN, Gaeta JM, Baggett TP, Imbert E, et al. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Prevalence in Homeless Shelters - Four U.S. Cities, March 27-April 15, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(17):521-2.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"8889_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa126","volume":"189","author":"ES McClure","year":"2020","unstructured":"McClure ES, Vasudevan P, Bailey Z, Patel S, Robinson WR. Racial Capitalism Within Public Health-How Occupational Settings Drive COVID-19 Disparities. Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(11):1244-53.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"8889_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008484","volume":"14","author":"E Clark","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clark E, Fredricks K, Woc-Colburn L, Bottazzi ME, Weatherhead J. Disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrant communities in the United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(7):e0008484.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"8889_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05899-8","volume":"35","author":"AW Gaffney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gaffney AW, Hawks L, Bor DH, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, McCormick D. 18.2 Million Individuals at Increased Risk of Severe COVID-19 Illness Are Un- or Underinsured. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(8):2487-9.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"38","key":"8889_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6938a4","volume":"69","author":"NM Lewis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis NM, Friedrichs M, Wagstaff S, Sage K, LaCross N, Bui D, et al. Disparities in COVID-19 Incidence, Hospitalizations, and Testing, by Area-Level Deprivation - Utah, March 3-July 9, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(38):1369-73.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"8889_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2021.07.010","volume":"63","author":"A Rao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rao A, Ma H, Moloney G, Kwong JC, Juni P, Sander B, et al. A disproportionate epidemic: COVID-19 cases and deaths among essential workers in Toronto, Canada. Ann Epidemiol. 2021;63:63-7.","journal-title":"Canada. Ann Epidemiol."},{"issue":"27","key":"8889_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6927e2","volume":"69","author":"MA Waltenburg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waltenburg MA, Victoroff T, Rose CE, Butterfield M, Jervis RH, Fedak KM, et al. Update: COVID-19 Among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities \u2014 United States, April\u2013May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(27):887\u201392.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"8889_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001294","volume":"92","author":"P Bourgois","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourgois P, Holmes SM, Sue K, Quesada J. Structural Vulnerability: Operationalizing the Concept to Address Health Disparities in Clinical Care. Acad Med. 2017;92(3):299-307.","journal-title":"Acad Med."},{"key":"8889_CR9","unstructured":"Koma W, Neuman T, Claxton G, Rae M, Kates J, Michaud J.\u00a0Data note: how many adults are at risk of serious illness if infected with coronavirus? Updated data. The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation. 2020.\u00a0Data-Note-How-Many-Adults-Are-at-Risk-of-Serious-Illness-If-Infected-with-Coronavirus.pdf  (kff.org)"},{"issue":"2","key":"8889_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-018-0580-3","volume":"44","author":"A Pribish","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pribish A, Khalil N, Mhaskar R, Woodard L, Mirza AS. Chronic Disease Burden of the Homeless: A Descriptive Study of Student-Run Free Clinics in Tampa, Florida. J Community Health. 2019;44(2):249-55.","journal-title":"Florida. J Community Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"8889_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1848-9","volume":"27","author":"RT Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown RT, Kiely DK, Bharel M, Mitchell SL. Geriatric syndromes in older homeless adults. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(1):16-22.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"8889_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001015","volume":"57","author":"RK Wadhera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wadhera RK, Choi E, Shen C, Yeh RW, Joynt Maddox KE. Trends, Causes, and Outcomes of Hospitalizations for Homeless Individuals: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Med Care. 2019;57(1):21-7.","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"8889_CR13","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2017, Part 1.\u00a0huduser.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/2017-AHAR-Part-1.pdf"},{"issue":"21","key":"8889_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6887","volume":"323","author":"TP Baggett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baggett TP, Keyes H, Sporn N, Gaeta JM. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Residents of a Large Homeless Shelter in Boston. JAMA. 2020;323(21):2191-2.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"17","key":"8889_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6917e2","volume":"69","author":"FA Tobolowsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tobolowsky FA, Gonzales E, Self JL, Rao CY, Keating R, Marx GE, et al. COVID-19 Outbreak Among Three Affiliated Homeless Service Sites - King County, Washington, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(17):523-6.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"9953","key":"8889_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61132-6","volume":"384","author":"S Fazel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fazel S, Geddes JR, Kushel M. The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations. Lancet. 2014;384(9953):1529-40.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"3","key":"8889_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab261","volume":"224","author":"S Cha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cha S, Henry A, Montgomery MP, Laws RL, Pham H, Wortham J, et al. Morbidity and Mortality Among Adults Experiencing Homelessness Hospitalized With COVID-19. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(3):425-30.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"8889_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.26.5.1258","volume":"26","author":"KP Derose","year":"2007","unstructured":"Derose KP, Escarce JJ, Lurie N. Immigrants and health care: sources of vulnerability. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26(5):1258-68.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)."},{"issue":"S3","key":"8889_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S224","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306433","volume":"111","author":"LN Doan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doan LN, Chong SK, Misra S, Kwon SC, Yi SS. Immigrant Communities and COVID-19: Strengthening the Public Health Response. Am J Public Health. 2021;111(S3):S224-S31.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"8889_CR20","first-page":"23","volume":"49","author":"CD Chang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chang CD. Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities Among Immigrants and their Children. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2019;49(1):23-30.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care."},{"key":"8889_CR21","unstructured":"Carpenter E, Rwaganje C, Sclar GD, Kohut M, Jacobs EA, Fairfield KM. Financial Distress and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact on Immigrant Communities in Portland Maine and Next Steps. Maine Public Health Association 2023 Annual Conference, October 10, 2023. Bangor, Maine."},{"key":"8889_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdi N, Ebengho S, Mohamed N, Scallon A, Mohamed A, Ahmed A, et al. Early pandemic access to COVID-19 Testing in the Somali Community in King County, Washington, USA: a Mixed-Methods Evaluation. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2023;10:2930\u201343.\u00a0Springer Publication.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01470-9"},{"key":"8889_CR23","first-page":"100178","volume":"7","author":"Z Parolin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parolin Z, Lee EK. The Role of Poverty and Racial Discrimination in Exacerbating the Health Consequences of COVID-19. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;7:100178.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"8889_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302925","volume":"106","author":"AS Christopher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christopher AS, McCormick D, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, Bor DH, Wilper AP. Access to Care and Chronic Disease Outcomes Among Medicaid-Insured Persons Versus the Uninsured. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(1):63-9.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"8889_CR25","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine Committee on the Consequences of Uninsurance. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2003."},{"issue":"16","key":"8889_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.16.2061","volume":"284","author":"JZ Ayanian","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ayanian JZ, Weissman JS, Schneider EC, Ginsburg JA, Zaslavsky AM. Unmet health needs of uninsured adults in the United States. JAMA. 2000;284(16):2061-9.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"2","key":"8889_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12425","volume":"37","author":"LE Elson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elson LE, Luke AA, Barker AR, McBride TD, Joynt Maddox KE. Trends in Hospital Mortality for Uninsured Rural and Urban Populations, 2012-2016. J Rural Health. 2021;37(2):318-27.","journal-title":"J Rural Health."},{"issue":"11","key":"8889_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2022263","volume":"383","author":"BJ Tromberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tromberg BJ, Schwetz TA, Perez-Stable EJ, Hodes RJ, Woychik RP, Bright RA, et al. Rapid Scaling Up of Covid-19 Diagnostic Testing in the United States - The NIH RADx Initiative. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(11):1071-7.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"S9","key":"8889_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S854","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307105","volume":"112","author":"M Webb Hooper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Webb Hooper M, Compton WM, Walsh ER, Hodes RJ, P\u00e9rez-Stable EJ. Harnessing the Power of Community-Engaged Science to Facilitate Access and Uptake of COVID-19 Testing: RADx-UP. Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S9):S854-s7.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"8889_CR30","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Memorandum November 1, 2022. www.fda.gov\/media\/162799\/download"},{"issue":"2","key":"8889_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377-81.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform."},{"key":"8889_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O'Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform."},{"key":"8889_CR33","unstructured":"NIH RADx-UP Common Data Elements - RADx-UP. https:\/\/radx-up.org\/research\/cdes\/ on October 24, 2023."},{"key":"8889_CR34","unstructured":"Community Health Improvement Planning, City of Portland, Maine.\u00a0https:\/\/portland.civilspace.io\/en\/projects\/community-health-improvement-planning. Accessed 4 Oct 2023."},{"key":"8889_CR35","unstructured":"City of Portland, Maine, Homeless Health and Data Reports.\u00a0https:\/\/www.portlandmaine.gov\/674\/ESAC-Monthly-Reports. Accessed 4 October 2023."},{"issue":"49","key":"8889_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7049a3","volume":"70","author":"MF Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller MF, Shi M, Motsinger-Reif A, Weinberg CR, Miller JD, Nichols E. Community-Based Testing Sites for SARS-CoV-2 - United States, March 2020-November 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(49):1706-11.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"8889_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"English K, Lei U, Shipman-Amuwo F, Burkey M, et al. Community-based testing for SARS-CoV-2\u00a0\u2014\u00a0Chicago, Illinois, May-November 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:707\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7019a4","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7019a4"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-024-08889-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-024-08889-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-024-08889-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T18:13:18Z","timestamp":1764267198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-024-08889-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["8889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-024-08889-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations:"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest:"}},{"value":"The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Prior to issuing a press release concerning the outcome of this research, please notify the NIH awarding IC in advance to allow for coordination.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer:"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}