{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T04:31:08Z","timestamp":1778819468366,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIR 15-095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIR 15-095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IK2 HX003090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK2 HX003090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 AR080224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 AR080224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Chronic pain and problematic substance use are prevalent among Veterans with homeless experience (VHE) and may contribute to a challenging primary care experience.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To examine the association of chronic pain and problematic substance use with unfavorable primary care experiences among VHE and to explore the association of pain treatment utilization and unfavorable care experiences in VHE with chronic pain.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We surveyed VHE (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093039) engaged in homeless-tailored primary care at 29 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs). We assessed unfavorable primary care experiences with four validated <jats:italic>Primary Care Quality-Homeless<\/jats:italic> (PCQ-H) scales: multivariable logistic regressions explored associations between unfavorable care experiences for VHE with chronic pain and problematic substance use, chronic pain alone, problematic substance use alone, or neither. We then examined the association between receipt of pain treatments and unfavorable experiences among VHE with chronic pain. Last, we identified PCQ-H items that had the greatest difference in unfavorable response rates between VHE with and without chronic pain.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of unfavorable primary care experience was higher on all four scales for patients reporting chronic pain (with or without problematic substance use) (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not for problematic substance use alone, compared to VHE with neither pain nor problematic substance use. In analyses limited to VHE with chronic pain, those on long-term opioids were less likely to report an unfavorable experience (OR\u2009=\u20090.49, 95%CI 0.34\u20130.69). Receipt of occupational therapy was associated with lower odds of reporting an unfavorable experience (OR\u2009=\u20090.83, 95%CI 0707\u20130.98). PCQ-H items related to trust, relationships, and provider communication had the greatest differences in dissatisfaction ratings (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Chronic pain is associated with unfavorable primary care experiences among VHE, potentially contributing to poor care outcomes. Strategies are needed to enhance patient-provider trust and communication and increase VHE\u2019s access to effective pain treatments.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-024-09078-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T17:02:04Z","timestamp":1729011724000},"page":"3172-3181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Association Between Chronic Pain, Substance use, and Primary Care Experience Among Veterans with Ongoing or Recent Homelessness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1851-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allyson L.","family":"Varley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aerin J.","family":"DeRussy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Hoge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Richman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Riggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Gelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonya","family":"Gabrielian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Blosnich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann Elizabeth","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan G.","family":"Kertesz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"9078_CR1","unstructured":"Office of Community Planning & Development. The 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress (Part 1). Accessed at https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf on February 5, 2023. 2022."},{"key":"9078_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shinn M, Khadduri J. In the Midst of Plenty: Homelessness and What to Do About It. Wiley Blackwell; 2020.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119104780"},{"issue":"12","key":"9078_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050225","volume":"5","author":"S Fazel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fazel S, Khosla V, Doll H, Geddes J. The prevalence of mental disorders among the homeless in western countries: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med. Dec 2 2008;5(12):e225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050225","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"9953","key":"9078_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61132-6","volume":"384","author":"S Fazel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fazel S, Geddes JR, Kushel M. The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations. Lancet. Oct 25 2014;384(9953):1529-40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61132-6","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"8","key":"9078_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003750","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003750","volume":"18","author":"S Gutwinski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gutwinski S, Schreiter S, Deutscher K, Fazel S. The prevalence of mental disorders among homeless people in high-income countries: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med. Aug 2021;18(8):e1003750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003750","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"9078_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw324","volume":"18","author":"M Vogel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vogel M, Frank A, Choi F, et al. Chronic Pain Among Homeless Persons with Mental Illness. Pain Medicine. 2017;18(12):2280-2288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnw324","journal-title":"Pain Medicine."},{"issue":"9","key":"9078_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.03.011","volume":"18","author":"JC Landefeld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Landefeld JC, Miaskowski C, Tieu L, et al. Characteristics and Factors Associated With Pain in Older Homeless Individuals: Results From the Health Outcomes in People Experiencing Homelessness in Older Middle Age (HOPE HOME) Study. J Pain. Sep 2017;18(9):1036-1045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.03.011","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"9078_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010005","volume":"19","author":"M Vogel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vogel M, Choi F, Westenberg JN, et al. Chronic Pain among Individuals Experiencing Homelessness and Its Interdependence with Opioid and Other Substance Use and Mental Illness. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):5.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"9078_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.2-164.v1","volume":"2","author":"R Fisher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fisher R, Ewing J, Garrett A, Harrison EK, Lwin KK, Wheeler DW. The nature and prevalence of chronic pain in homeless persons: an observational study. F1000Res. 2013;2:164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.2-164.v1","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"9078_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patanwala M, Tieu L, Ponath C, Guzman D, Ritchie CS, Kushel M. Physical, Psychological, Social, and Existential Symptoms in Older Homeless-Experienced Adults: An Observational Study of the Hope Home Cohort. J Gen Intern Med. Nov 28 2017;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-017-4229-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4229-1"},{"key":"9078_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107902","volume":"209","author":"WS John","year":"2020","unstructured":"John WS, Wu LT. Chronic non-cancer pain among adults with substance use disorders: Prevalence, characteristics, and association with opioid overdose and healthcare utilization. Drug Alcohol Depend. Apr 1 2020;209:107902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107902","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"9078_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2018.02.013","volume":"102","author":"A Manhapra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manhapra A, Becker WC. Pain and Addiction: An Integrative Therapeutic Approach. Med Clin North Am. Jul 2018;102(4):745-763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2018.02.013","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9078_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4345-6","volume":"33","author":"WC Becker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Becker WC, DeBar LL, Heapy AA, et al. A Research Agenda for Advancing Non-pharmacological Management of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Findings from a VHA State-of-the-art Conference. J Gen Intern Med. May 2018;33(Suppl 1):11-15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-018-4345-6","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"9078_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.2.217","volume":"87","author":"L Gelberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gelberg L, Gallagher TC, Andersen RM, Koegel P. Competing priorities as a barrier to medical care among homeless adults in Los Angeles. American Journal of Public Health. 1997;87(2):217-20.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health."},{"issue":"8","key":"9078_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00281","volume":"38","author":"AM Midboe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Midboe AM, Byrne T, Smelson D, Jasuja G, McInnes K, Troszak LK. The Opioid Epidemic In Veterans Who Were Homeless Or Unstably Housed. Health Aff (Millwood). Aug 2019;38(8):1289-1297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00281","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)."},{"key":"9078_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramsay N, Hossain R, Moore M, Milo M, Brown A. Health Care While Homeless: Barriers, Facilitators, and the Lived Experiences of Homeless Individuals Accessing Health Care in a Canadian Regional Municipality. Qual Health Res. Feb 27 2019:1049732319829434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732319829434","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732319829434"},{"key":"9078_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hwang SW, Wilkins E, Chambers C, Estrabillo E, Berends J, MacDonald A. Chronic pain among homeless persons: characteristics, treatment, and barriers to management. BMC family practice. 2011\/07\/08 2011;12(1):73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2296-12-73","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-12-73"},{"issue":"6","key":"9078_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732319895252","volume":"30","author":"AL Varley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Varley AL, Montgomery AE, Steward J, et al. Exploring Quality of Primary Care for Patients Who Experience Homelessness and Clinicians: What Are Their Aspirations? Qualitative Health Research. 2020;30(6):865-879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732319895252","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research."},{"key":"9078_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215013272091028","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720910289","volume":"11","author":"C Gilmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gilmer C, Buccieri K. Homeless Patients Associate Clinician Bias With Suboptimal Care for Mental Illness, Addictions, and Chronic Pain. J Prim Care Community Health. Jan-Dec 2020;11:2150132720910289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2150132720910289","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health. Jan-Dec"},{"key":"9078_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varley AL, Hoge A, Riggs KR, et al. What do Veterans with homeless experience want us to know that we are not asking? A qualitative content analysis of comments from a national survey of healthcare experience. Health Soc Care Community. Jul 22 2022;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hsc.13918","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13918"},{"key":"9078_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anastas TM, Stewart JC, Rand KL, Hirsh AT. Pain in People Experiencing Homelessness: A Scoping Review. Ann Behav Med. Feb 6 2023;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/abm\/kaac060","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaac060"},{"key":"9078_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.25.050503.153958","volume":"26","author":"S Sofaer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sofaer S, Firminger K. Patient perceptions of the quality of health services. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:513-59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.25.050503.153958","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health."},{"key":"9078_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001548","volume":"59","author":"SG Kertesz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kertesz SG, deRussy AJ, Kim YI, et al. Comparison of Patient Experience Between Primary Care Settings Tailored for Homeless Clientele and Mainstream Care Settings. Med Care. Apr 7 2021;59:495-503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001548","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"9078_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"deRussy AJ, Jones AL, Austin EL, et al. Insights for conducting large-scale surveys with veterans who have experienced homelessness. Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness. 2021:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10530789.2021.2013013","DOI":"10.1080\/10530789.2021.2013013"},{"key":"9078_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E44","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.150567","volume":"13","author":"TP O'Toole","year":"2016","unstructured":"O'Toole TP, Johnson EE, Aiello R, Kane V, Pape L. Tailoring Care to Vulnerable Populations by Incorporating Social Determinants of Health: the Veterans Health Administration's \"Homeless Patient Aligned Care Team\" Program. Prev Chronic Dis. Mar 31 2016;13:E44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5888\/pcd13.150567","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis."},{"key":"9078_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kertesz SG, Holt CL, Steward JL, et al. Comparing homeless persons' care experiences in tailored versus nontailored primary care programs. Am J Public Health. Dec 2013;103 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S331\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2013.301481","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2013.301481"},{"issue":"8","key":"9078_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000160","volume":"52","author":"SG Kertesz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kertesz SG, Pollio DE, Jones RN, et al. Development of the Primary Care Quality-Homeless (PCQ-H) instrument: a practical survey of homeless patients' experiences in primary care. Med Care. Aug 2014;52(8):734-42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000160","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"9078_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S75477","volume":"10","author":"J Steward","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steward J, Holt CL, Pollio DE, et al. Priorities in the primary care of persons experiencing homelessness: convergence and divergence in the views of patients and provider\/experts. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016;10:153-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S75477","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence."},{"issue":"2","key":"9078_CR29","first-page":"95","volume":"14","author":"RL Brown","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brown RL, Leonard T, Saunders LA, Papasouliotis O. A two-item conjoint screen for alcohol and other drug problems. J Am Board Fam Pract. Mar-Apr 2001;14(2):95-106.","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Pract. Mar-Apr"},{"issue":"3","key":"9078_CR30","first-page":"135","volume":"94","author":"RL Brown","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brown RL, Rounds LA. Conjoint screening questionnaires for alcohol and other drug abuse: criterion validity in a primary care practice. Wis Med J. 1995;94(3):135-40.","journal-title":"Wis Med J."},{"issue":"6","key":"9078_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2014.0362","volume":"31","author":"JS Merlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Merlin JS, Westfall AO, Chamot E, et al. Quantitative Evaluation of an Instrument to Identify Chronic Pain in HIV-Infected Individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. Jun 2015;31(6):623-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/AID.2014.0362","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses."},{"issue":"7","key":"9078_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.02.004","volume":"153","author":"T Landmark","year":"2012","unstructured":"Landmark T, Romundstad P, Dale O, Borchgrevink PC, Kaasa S. Estimating the prevalence of chronic pain: validation of recall against longitudinal reporting (the HUNT pain study). Pain. Jul 2012;153(7):1368-1373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2012.02.004","journal-title":"Pain."},{"issue":"6","key":"9078_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-0981-1","volume":"24","author":"EE Krebs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krebs EE, Lorenz KA, Bair MJ, et al. Development and initial validation of the PEG, a three-item scale assessing pain intensity and interference. J Gen Intern Med. Jun 2009;24(6):733-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-009-0981-1","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"9078_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4929","volume":"29","author":"RN Karmali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karmali RN, Bush C, Raman SR, Campbell CI, Skinner AC, Roberts AW. Long-term opioid therapy definitions and predictors: A systematic review. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2020;29(3):252-269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.4929","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety."},{"key":"9078_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carey EP, Nolan C, Kerns RD, Ho PM, Frank JW. Association Between Facility-Level Utilization of Non-pharmacologic Chronic Pain Treatment and Subsequent Initiation of Long-Term Opioid Therapy. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2018\/05\/01 2018;33(1):38\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-018-4324-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4324-y"},{"issue":"6","key":"9078_CR36","first-page":"1273","volume":"34","author":"L Gelberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gelberg L, Andersen RM, Leake BD. The Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations: application to medical care use and outcomes for homeless people. Health Services Research. 2000;34(6):1273-302.","journal-title":"Health Services Research."},{"key":"9078_CR37","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. PROMIS Instrument Development and Validation Scientific Standards Version 2.0. 2013. http:\/\/www.nihpromis.org\/Documents\/PROMISStandards_Vers2.0_Final.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"9078_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2005.00404.x","volume":"40","author":"KB DeSalvo","year":"2005","unstructured":"DeSalvo KB, Fan VS, McDonell MB, Fihn SD. Predicting mortality and healthcare utilization with a single question. Health Services Research. Aug 2005;40(4):1234-46.","journal-title":"Health Services Research."},{"issue":"6","key":"9078_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.6.613","volume":"50","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Lowe B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics. Nov-Dec 2009;50(6):613-21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.psy.50.6.613","journal-title":"Psychosomatics. Nov-Dec"},{"issue":"5","key":"9078_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-008-0179-6","volume":"35","author":"RA Boothroyd","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boothroyd RA, Chen HJ. The psychometric properties of the Colorado Symptom Index. Administration and policy in mental health. Sep 2008;35(5):370-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-008-0179-6","journal-title":"Administration and policy in mental health."},{"issue":"3","key":"9078_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011571531303","volume":"3","author":"KJ Conrad","year":"2001","unstructured":"Conrad KJ, Yagelka JR, Matters MD, Rich AR, Williams V, Buchanan M. Reliability and validity of a modified Colorado Symptom Index in a national homeless sample. Mental Health Services Research. Sep 2001;3(3):141-53.","journal-title":"Mental Health Services Research."},{"key":"9078_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heather N, Field M, Moss A, Satel S. Evaluating the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. 1st Edition ed. Routledge; 2022.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003032762-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"9078_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002800","volume":"164","author":"A Manhapra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manhapra A. Rethinking clinically significant pain: a marker of recovery rather than a warning of injury. Pain. Mar 1 2023;164(3):e174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002800","journal-title":"Pain."},{"issue":"3","key":"9078_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2020.1787299","volume":"41","author":"AJ Gordon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gordon AJ, Drexler K, Hawkins EJ, et al. Stepped Care for Opioid Use Disorder Train the Trainer (SCOUTT) initiative: Expanding access to medication treatment for opioid use disorder within Veterans Health Administration facilities. Subst Abus. 2020;41(3):275-282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2020.1787299","journal-title":"Subst Abus."},{"issue":"5","key":"9078_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00330.x","volume":"9","author":"SK Dobscha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dobscha SK, Corson K, Flores JA, Tansill EC, Gerrity MS. Veterans Affairs Primary Care Clinicians' Attitudes toward Chronic Pain and Correlates of Opioid Prescribing Rates. Pain Medicine. 2008;9(5):564-571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00330.x","journal-title":"Pain Medicine."},{"key":"9078_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varley AL, Lappan S, Jackson J, et al. Understanding Barriers and Facilitators to the Uptake of Best Practices for the Treatment of Co-Occurring Chronic Pain and Opioid Use Disorder. Journal of Dual Diagnosis. 2019:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15504263.2019.1675920","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2019.1675920"},{"key":"9078_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varley AL, Goodin BR, Copes H, et al. Development and validation of the Capacity to Treat Chronic Pain and Opioid Use Disorder (CAP-POD) questionnaire. Implementation Research and Practice. 2020;1https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2633489520948859","DOI":"10.1177\/2633489520948859"},{"key":"9078_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l6968","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6968","volume":"368","author":"MV Kiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kiang MV, Humphreys K, Cullen MR, Basu S. Opioid prescribing patterns among medical providers in the United States, 2003-17: retrospective, observational study. BMJ. Jan 29 2020;368:l6968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l6968","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"2","key":"9078_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001098","volume":"159","author":"SG Henry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Henry SG, Bell RA, Fenton JJ, Kravitz RL. Communication about chronic pain and opioids in primary care: impact on patient and physician visit experience. Pain. Feb 2018;159(2):371-379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001098","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"9078_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chou R, Hartung D, Turner J, et al. Opioid Treatments for Chronic Pain. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 229. (Prepared by the Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290\u20132015\u201300009-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 20-EHC011. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; April 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER229. 2020.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER229"},{"issue":"6","key":"9078_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12527","volume":"20","author":"JW Geurts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geurts JW, Willems PC, Lockwood C, van Kleef M, Kleijnen J, Dirksen C. Patient expectations for management of chronic non-cancer pain: A systematic review. Health Expect. Dec 2017;20(6):1201-1217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hex.12527","journal-title":"Health Expect."},{"key":"9078_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2147\/iprp.S248699","volume":"10","author":"L Murphy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murphy L, Ng K, Isaac P, Swidrovich J, Zhang M, Sproule BA. The Role of the Pharmacist in the Care of Patients with Chronic Pain. Integr Pharm Res Pract. 2021;10:33-41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/iprp.S248699","journal-title":"Integr Pharm Res Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"9078_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/ceh.0000000000000409","volume":"42","author":"MG Page","year":"2022","unstructured":"Page MG, Develay \u00c9, Simard P, Parent J, Tremblay N, Boulanger A. Qualitative Study of Health Care Providers' Uptake of the Project Extension for Community Health Outcomes for Chronic Pain. J Contin Educ Health Prof. Apr 1 2022;42(2):97-104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ceh.0000000000000409","journal-title":"J Contin Educ Health Prof."},{"issue":"1","key":"9078_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08388-2","volume":"22","author":"SB Zeliadt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeliadt SB, Douglas JH, Gelman H, et al. Effectiveness of a whole health model of care emphasizing complementary and integrative health on reducing opioid use among patients with chronic pain. BMC Health Serv Res. Aug 17 2022;22(1):1053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-022-08388-2","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res."},{"key":"9078_CR55","unstructured":"Starfield B, Cassady C, Nanda J, Forrest C, Berk R. Consumer Experiences and Provider Perceptions of the Quality of Primary Care: Implications for Managed Care. Journal of Family Practice. 1998;46(216\u2013226)"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09078-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09078-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09078-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T17:13:06Z","timestamp":1733332386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09078-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09078-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations:"}},{"value":"All authors were financially affiliated with the United States Department of Veterans Affairs through employment or contract during the preparation of this manuscript. AV reports employment with Heart Rhythm Clinical and Research Solutions, LLC. SK reports royalties from Wolters-Kluwer and ownership in Thermo-Fisher stock. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest:"}},{"value":"Views expressed in this article are those of the authors alone and do not represent positions or views of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer:"}}]}}