{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:26:43Z","timestamp":1792132003205,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Denver Health Office of Research Pilot Grant Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-024-09231-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T17:24:52Z","timestamp":1733937892000},"page":"1617-1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Novel Method for Measuring Ambient Heat Exposure\u2013Acute Healthcare Utilization Associations Within a Safety Net: A Retrospective, Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2757-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Durfee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur J.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"9231_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Belesova K, Boykoff M, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet. 2019;394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32596-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32596-6"},{"key":"9231_CR2","unstructured":"Manangan AP, Uejio CK, Saha S, Schramm PJ, Marinucci GD, Hess JJ, et al. Assessing health vulnerability to climate change: a guide for health departments 2014. Available from: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/24906. Accessed February 6, 2020."},{"issue":"10","key":"9231_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201211-1969OC","volume":"187","author":"GB Anderson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anderson GB, Dominici F, Wang Y, McCormack MC, Bell ML, Peng RD. Heat-related emergency hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in the Medicare population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(10):1098-103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201211-1969OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"9231_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ad5522","volume":"20","author":"S Lin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lin S, Luo M, Walker RJ, Liu X, Hwang SA, Chinery R. Extreme high temperatures and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiology. 2009;20(5):738-46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ad5522.","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"9231_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108610","volume":"177","author":"J Cheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheng J, Xu Z, Bambrick H, Prescott V, Wang N, Zhang Y, et al. Cardiorespiratory effects of heatwaves: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global epidemiological evidence. Environ Res. 2019;177:108610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108610.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"9231_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.03.008","volume":"10","author":"SC Inglis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Inglis SC, Clark RA, Shakib S, Wong DT, Molaee P, Wilkinson D, et al. Hot summers and heart failure: seasonal variations in morbidity and mortality in Australian heart failure patients (1994-2005). Eur J Heart Fail. 2008;10(6):540-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.03.008.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail."},{"key":"9231_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2015.1131506","volume":"3","author":"GP Kenny","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kenny GP, Sigal RJ, McGinn R. Body temperature regulation in diabetes. Temperature. 2016;3:119-45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23328940.2015.1131506.","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"issue":"4","key":"9231_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.10.003","volume":"47","author":"NG Vallianou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vallianou NG, Geladari EV, Kounatidis D, Geladari CV, Stratigou T, Dourakis SP, et al. Diabetes mellitus in the era of climate change. Diabetes Metab. 2021;47(4):101205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.10.003.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"9231_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVRES.2018.10.034","volume":"169","author":"A Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang A, Hu W, Li J, Wei R, Lin J, Ma W. Impact of heatwaves on daily outpatient visits of respiratory disease: a time-stratified case-crossover study. Environmental Research. 2019;169:196-205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ENVRES.2018.10.034.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"9231_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.07.002","volume":"117","author":"Z Xu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xu Z, Etzel RA, Su H, Huang C, Guo Y, Tong S. Impact of ambient temperature on children's health: a systematic review. Environ Res. 2012;117:120-31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2012.07.002.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"9231_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/50.4.259","volume":"50","author":"AM Donoghue","year":"2000","unstructured":"Donoghue AM, Bates G. The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to body-mass index and predicted V\u0307 O2max. Occup Med. 2000;50(4):259-63.","journal-title":"Occup Med."},{"key":"9231_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alele FO, Malau-Aduli BS, Malau-Aduli AEO, Crowe MJ. Epidemiology of exertional heat illness in the military: a systematic review of observational studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(19). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17197037.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197037"},{"issue":"8","key":"9231_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080853","volume":"14","author":"L Kuehn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuehn L, McCormick S. Heat exposure and maternal health in the face of climate change. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(8):853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14080853.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"11","key":"9231_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv260","volume":"183","author":"A Gasparrini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, Lavigne E, Tobias A, Zanobetti A, et al. Changes in susceptibility to heat during the summer: a multicountry analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(11):1027-36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwv260.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"9231_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13090","volume":"45","author":"KS Bongers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bongers KS, Salahudeen MS, Peterson GM. Drug-associated hyperthermia: a longitudinal analysis of hospital presentations. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2020;45(3):477-87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpt.13090.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"9231_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02763-5","volume":"76","author":"KS Bongers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bongers KS, Salahudeen MS, Peterson GM. Drug-associated non-pyrogenic hyperthermia: a narrative review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;76(1):9-16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-019-02763-5.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"9231_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843","volume":"29","author":"RS Kovats","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kovats RS, Hajat S. Heat stress and public health: A critical review. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008;29:41-55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Public Health"},{"key":"9231_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/s0749-3797(99)00025-2","volume":"16","author":"JC Semenza","year":"1999","unstructured":"Semenza JC, McCullough JE, Flanders WD, McGeehin MA, Lumpkin JR. Excess hospital admissions during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago. Am J Prev Med. 1999;16:269-77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0749-3797(99)00025-2.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"9231_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmeltz MT, Gamble JL. Risk characterization of hospitalizations for mental illness and\/or behavioral disorders with concurrent heat-related illness. PLoS One. 2017;12(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0186509.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186509"},{"issue":"1","key":"9231_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014021","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/1\/014021","volume":"5","author":"OV Wilhelmi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilhelmi OV, Hayden MH. Connecting people and place: a new framework for reducing urban vulnerability to extreme heat. Environ Res Lett. 2010;5(1):014021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/1\/014021.","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"9231_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00483-1","volume":"98","author":"SA Kidd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kidd SA, Greco S, McKenzie K. Global climate implications for homelessness: a scoping review. J Urban Health. 2021;98(3):385-93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-020-00483-1.","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"9231_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9354-7","volume":"86","author":"B Ramin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramin B, Svoboda T. Health of the homeless and climate change. J Urban Health. 2009;86(4):654-64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-009-9354-7.","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"key":"9231_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bezgrebelna M, McKenzie K, Wells S, Ravindran A, Kral M, Christensen J, et al. Climate change, weather, housing precarity, and homelessness: a systematic review of reviews. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18115812.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115812"},{"issue":"5","key":"9231_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103766","volume":"120","author":"CE Reid","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reid CE, Mann JK, Alfasso R, English PB, King GC, Lincoln RA, et al. Evaluation of a heat vulnerability index on abnormally hot days: an environmental public health tracking study. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(5):715-20.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"9231_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morabito M, Messeri A, Noti P, Casanueva A, Crisci A, Kotlarski S, et al. An occupational heat-health warning system for europe: the HEAT-SHIELD platform. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(16). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16162890.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16162890"},{"issue":"2","key":"9231_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104625","volume":"121","author":"SL Harlan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harlan SL, Declet-Barreto JH, Stefanov WL, Petitti DB. Neighborhood effects on heat deaths: social and environmental predictors of vulnerability in Maricopa County, Arizona. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(2):197-204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1104625.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"12","key":"9231_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16110","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121215046","volume":"12","author":"HC Ho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ho HC, Knudby A, Huang W. A spatial framework to map heat health risks at multiple scales. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(12):16110-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph121215046.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"9231_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072x-11-38","volume":"11","author":"C Buscail","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buscail C, Upegui E, Viel JF. Mapping heatwave health risk at the community level for public health action. Int J Health Geogr. 2012;11:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-072x-11-38.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr."},{"key":"9231_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900683","volume":"117","author":"CE Reid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reid CE, O'Neill MS, Gronlund CJ, Brines SJ, Brown DG, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Mapping community determinants of heat vulnerability. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117:1730-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.0900683.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"9231_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149417","volume":"799","author":"W Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng W, Li D, Liu Z, Brown RD. Approaches for identifying heat-vulnerable populations and locations: a systematic review. Sci Total Environ. 2021;799:149417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149417.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"9231_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2013.07.004","volume":"1","author":"T Wolf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wolf T, McGregor G. The development of a heat wave vulnerability index for London, United Kingdom. Weather Clim Extremes. 2013;1:59-68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wace.2013.07.004.","journal-title":"Weather Clim Extremes"},{"issue":"7","key":"9231_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7220","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707220","volume":"12","author":"J Bao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bao J, Li X, Yu C. The construction and validation of the heat vulnerability index, a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(7):7220-34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph120707220.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"9231_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97001","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp4030","volume":"128","author":"KC Conlon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conlon KC, Mallen E, Gronlund CJ, Berrocal VJ, Larsen L, O\u2019Neill MS. Mapping human vulnerability to extreme heat: a critical assessment of heat vulnerability indices created using principal components analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(9):97001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp4030.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"9231_CR34","unstructured":"National Integrated Heat Health Information System. U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit 2021. Available from: https:\/\/toolkit.climate.gov\/tool\/national-integrated-heat-health-information-system-nihhis. Accessed January 2, 2024."},{"issue":"12","key":"9231_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806393116","volume":"116","author":"A Vaidyanathan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaidyanathan A, Saha S, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Gasparrini A, Abdurehman N, Jordan R, et al. Assessment of extreme heat and hospitalizations to inform early warning systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(12):5420-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1806393116.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"9231_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13258","volume":"1382","author":"JJ Hess","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hess JJ, Ebi KL. Iterative management of heat early warning systems in a changing climate. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016;1382(1):21-30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.13258.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"9231_CR37","unstructured":"U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit. Developing an Early Warning System to Prevent Heat Illness 2022. Available from: https:\/\/toolkit.climate.gov\/case-studies\/developing-early-warning-system-prevent-heat-illness. Accessed March 7, 2024."},{"key":"9231_CR38","unstructured":"Nadja Popvich WC-S. Hidden Toll of the Northwest Heat Wave: Hundreds of Extra Deaths. The New York Times. 11 August, 2021."},{"key":"9231_CR39","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Heat and Health Index Technical Documentation 2024 [September 8, 2024]. Available from: Community health needs assessment for charitable hospital organizations - Section 501(r)(3)."},{"key":"9231_CR40","unstructured":"Internal Revenue Service. Community health needs assessment for charitable hospital organizations - Section 501(r)(3) 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/charities-non-profits\/community-health-needs-assessment-for-charitable-hospital-organizations-section-501r3. Accessed September 8, 2024."},{"issue":"9","key":"9231_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306858","volume":"122","author":"K Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang K, Chen Y-H, Schwartz JD, Rood RB, O\u2019Neill MS. Using forecast and observed weather data to assess performance of forecast products in identifying heat waves and estimating heat wave effects on mortality. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(9):912-8.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"9231_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069x-12-99","volume":"12","author":"M Jehn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jehn M, Donaldson G, Kiran B, Liebers U, Mueller K, Scherer D, et al. Tele-monitoring reduces exacerbation of COPD in the context of climate change--a randomized controlled trial. Environ Health. 2013;12:99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-069x-12-99.","journal-title":"Environ Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"9231_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1097\/jom.0000000000001639","volume":"61","author":"RB McCarthy","year":"2019","unstructured":"McCarthy RB, Shofer FS, Green-McKenzie J. Outcomes of a heat stress awareness program on heat-related illness in municipal outdoor workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2019;61(9):724-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jom.0000000000001639.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med."},{"issue":"9717","key":"9231_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(09)61711-6","volume":"375","author":"S Hajat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hajat S, O\u2019Connor M, Kosatsky T. Health effects of hot weather: from awareness of risk factors to effective health protection. Lancet. 2010;375(9717):856-63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(09)61711-6.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9231_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0000000000002059","volume":"82","author":"P Sweeney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sweeney P, DiNenno EA, Flores SA, Dooley S, Shouse RL, Muckleroy S, et al. HIV data to care-using public health data to improve HIV care and prevention. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;82 Suppl 1:S1-s5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qai.0000000000002059.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"issue":"7","key":"9231_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0585","volume":"39","author":"SV Arnold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arnold SV, Inzucchi SE, McGuire DK, Mehta SN, Goyal A, Sperling LS, et al. Evaluating the quality of comprehensive cardiometabolic care for patients with type 2 diabetes in the U.S.: the diabetes collaborative registry. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(7):e99-e101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-0585.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"9231_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2020.12.004","volume":"5","author":"T Jose","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jose T, Warner DO, O'Horo JC, Peters SG, Chaudhry R, Binnicker MJ, et al. Digital health surveillance strategies for management of coronavirus disease 2019. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021;5(1):109-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2020.12.004.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"9231_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.479","volume":"657","author":"BY Wondmagegn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wondmagegn BY, Xiang J, Williams S, Pisaniello D, Bi P. What do we know about the healthcare costs of extreme heat exposure? A comprehensive literature review. Sci Total Environ. 2019;657:608-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.479.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"9231_CR49","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health. Climate Change and Health Vulnerability Indicators for California 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/OHE\/Pages\/CC-Health-Vulnerability-Indicators.aspx. Accessed September 8, 2024."},{"key":"9231_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patel L, Conlon K, Sorensen C, McEachin S, Nadeau K, Kakkad K, et al. Climate change and extreme heat events: how health systems should prepare. NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv. 2022;3(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/CAT.21.0454.","DOI":"10.1056\/CAT.21.0454"},{"issue":"10","key":"9231_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000001354","volume":"91","author":"PA Gabow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gabow PA. Closing the health care gap in communities: a safety net system approach. Acad Med. 2016;91(10):1337-40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/acm.0000000000001354.","journal-title":"Acad Med."},{"key":"9231_CR52","unstructured":"World Health Organization. ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision, 2nd ed. 2004. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/42980. Accessed March 7, 2024."},{"key":"9231_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83","volume":"43","author":"H Quan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, Fong A, Burnand B, Luthi J-C, et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Medical Care. 2005;43:1130-9.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"9231_CR54","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. 2016\u20132020 American Community Survey 5-year Public Use Microdata Samples Washington, DC 2021. Available from: https:\/\/data.census.gov\/mdat\/#\/. Accessed March 7, 2024."},{"key":"9231_CR55","unstructured":"Denver Department of Public Health and Environment. Addressing Heat Vulnerability 2018. Available from: https:\/\/climatehealthconnect.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Denver.pdf. Accessed December 31, 2023."},{"key":"9231_CR56","unstructured":"Denver Public Health and Environment, Public Health Institute at Denver Health. Community Health Assessment for the City and County of Denver. Available from: https:\/\/dashboards.mysidewalk.com\/denver-health-assessment\/healthy-environments#c-4072656. Accessed September 8, 2024."},{"key":"9231_CR57","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Climate Data Online, National Centers for Environmental Information 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/cdo-web\/datasets. Accessed February 1, 2020."},{"key":"9231_CR58","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ceam\/meteorological-data-weather-stations. Accessed December 20, 2020."},{"key":"9231_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamrazian A, LaDochy S, Willis J, Patzert WC. Heat waves in Southern California: Are they becoming more frequent and longer lasting? Yearb Assoc Pac Coast Geogr. 2008;70:59\u201369.","DOI":"10.1353\/pcg.0.0001"},{"issue":"5","key":"9231_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5963","volume":"33","author":"A Gasparrini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gasparrini A. Modeling exposure\u2013lag\u2013response associations with distributed lag non\u2010linear models. Stat Med. 2014;33(5):881-99.","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"9231_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3031-z","volume":"16","author":"J Bao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bao J, Wang Z, Yu C, Li X. The influence of temperature on mortality and its Lag effect: a study in four Chinese cities with different latitudes. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3031-z.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"9231_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3982","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110403982","volume":"11","author":"J Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang J, Wang J, Yu W. The lag effects and vulnerabilities of temperature effects on cardiovascular disease mortality in a subtropical climate zone in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(4):3982-94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110403982.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"9231_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B (Methodological). 1995;57(1):289-300.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B (Methodological)."},{"key":"9231_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hostetter M, Klein S. How Health Care Organizations are preparing for climate shocks and protecting vulnerable patients 2022. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26099\/486j-w130.","DOI":"10.26099\/486j-w130"},{"key":"9231_CR65","unstructured":"Providence. Environmental Stewardship Report 2022. Available from: https:\/\/blog.providence.org\/i\/1465085-providence-environmental-stewardship-report\/7? Accessed March 7, 2024."},{"key":"9231_CR66","unstructured":"Americares. The Climate Resilience for Frontline Clinics Toolkit. Available from: https:\/\/www.americares.org\/what-we-do\/community-health\/climate-resilient-health-clinics\/. Accessed September 14, 2023"},{"key":"9231_CR67","unstructured":"Visram T. Meet the 7 Chief Heat Officers who are making their cities more resilient [online article]. Fast Company; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.fastcompany.com\/90793483\/meet-the-7-chief-heat-officers-who-are-making-their-cities-more-resilient. Accessed September 14, 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"9231_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15757-x","volume":"23","author":"NA Errett","year":"2023","unstructured":"Errett NA, Hartwell C, Randazza JM, Nori-Sarma A, Weinberger KR, Spangler KR, et al. Survey of extreme heat public health preparedness plans and response activities in the most populous jurisdictions in the United States. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15757-x.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"10419","key":"9231_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01859-7","volume":"402","author":"M Romanello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Romanello M, Napoli CD, Green C, Kennard H, Lampard P, Scamman D, et al. The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms. Lancet. 2023;402(10419):2346-94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01859-7.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"9231_CR70","unstructured":"Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT. Health Data, Technology, and Interoperability: Patient Engagement, Information Sharing, and Public Health Interoperability (HTI-2) Proposed Rule 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.healthit.gov\/topic\/laws-regulation-and-policy\/health-data-technology-and-interoperability-patient-engagement. Accessed September 8, 2024."},{"key":"9231_CR71","unstructured":"U.S. Global Change Research Program. Fifth National Climate Assessment: Report-in-Brief. Crimmins AR, C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, B.C. Stewart, and, Maycock TK, editors. Washington, DC 2023."}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09231-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09231-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09231-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T01:02:56Z","timestamp":1765414976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09231-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["9231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09231-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations:"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest:"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}