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As treatment of substance use disorders becomes more common in primary care, offering SUS in primary care merits exploration.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We explored acceptability and use of SUS in primary care using a convergent parallel mixed-method design consisting of patient and clinician semi-structured interviews and surveys. Participants were recruited from primary care clinics involved in a multi-state practice research network. Patients with lifetime stimulant and\/or opioid and any SUS use were eligible. All clinicians were eligible. Qualitative data were analyzed using a rapid assessment procedure. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Participants included patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10) and clinicians (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 12) from multiple disciplines. More than half of patients indicated that every SUS surveyed should be offered in primary care. Patients reported using multiple SUS to stay safer, reduce consequences, and limit use. Clinicians reported that offering SUS to primary care patients is acceptable and supported SUS use by sharing informational resources (e.g., safer injection practices) and tangible resources (e.g., naloxone, medication for opioid use disorder [MOUD]). Some strategies recommended by patients were not currently being systematically offered (e.g., fentanyl test strips). Several clinicians expressed willingness to discuss SUS with patients but wanted more training and resources to facilitate SUS discussions to support patient goals.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Offering SUS to primary care patients is acceptable to patients and clinicians. Clinicians supported some SUS use, though more SUS and harm reduction training and resources were desired. Providing SUS to patients who use stimulants and\/or opioids could enhance patient-centered primary care, especially in clinics offering MOUD. More research is needed to optimize SUS support in primary care settings.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09418-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T13:33:40Z","timestamp":1741095220000},"page":"2953-2961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Primary Care Patient and Clinician Perspectives on Safer Use Strategies for Opioids and\/or Stimulants: A Mixed-Method Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1750-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany E.","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Chase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Rouvere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinita","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichole","family":"Sams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline C.","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Leyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith I.","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Fortney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"9418_CR1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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This manuscript has not been submitted to more than one journal. This manuscript has not been published previously to any journal (see Prior Presentations). This research was designed as a single study for which data was collected as part of a larger study on substance use care implementation in primary care. No data have been fabricated or manipulated. No data, text, or theories by others are presented without proper acknowledgement.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval:"}},{"value":"All participants completed the informed consent process prior to participating. Written consent was waived by the Institution Review Board, and verbal consent was audio recorded.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate:"}},{"value":"N\/A\u2014no identifying participant details are included in quotations, and only aggregated demographic information is presented in Tables.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish:"}},{"value":"Dr. Collins has ownership, board membership, and equity in HaRT3S, a social purpose corporation that focuses on harm reduction and receives royalties from Hogrefe for publishing Harm Reduction Treatment in Substance Use. All royalties are donated to community-led harm reduction organizations. All other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests:"}}]}}