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This study introduced an academic coaching program to support SDL among internal medicine (IM) residents, leveraging Gallimore and Tharp\u2019s four-stage model as a scaffolding framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the impact of academic coaching on residents\u2019 performance, including Internal Medicine In-Training Examination (IM-ITE) scores, individualized learning plans (ILPs), and attitudinal changes. The study also explored how coaching influenced SDL within the residency program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mixed-methods case study was conducted in a mid-sized university\u2019s IM residency program. Quantitative measures included pre- and post-coaching surveys, ILP analysis, and IM-ITE score evaluation. Semi-structured interviews provided qualitative insights into participant experiences. Of 77 eligible residents, 40 enrolled in the coaching program, and 27 (18 post-graduate year (PGY) 1 and PGY2) completed at least one session. Baseline IM-ITE scores guided enrollment for mandatory participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 77 residents, 51 had complete IM-ITE data and individualized learning plans (ILPs) from 2022 and 2023. Residents attending one coaching session demonstrated significant improvement in IM-ITE percentile scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.022), while those with two or more sessions showed significant gains in both percent correct (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.015) and percentile scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.003). No significant differences were observed in ILPs or attitudinal surveys. Qualitative analyses of resident participant interviews highlight coaching\u2019s positive influence on SDL, organized into input, process, and output domains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sustained coaching, defined as two or more coaching meetings, is associated with improved IM-ITE performance. Qualitative findings underscore the program\u2019s role in enhancing residents\u2019 SDL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09424-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T17:06:56Z","timestamp":1739466416000},"page":"3311-3319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Academic Coaching to Promote Self-Directed Learning in Graduate Medical Education"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1259-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Burtson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey R.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle E.","family":"Kiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eulho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Hartzell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"9424_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2021.1947479","volume":"122","author":"P Densen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Densen P. 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Please answer yes or no to the following questions:1. Do you agree to participate in the interview today?2. Do you agree to have this interview recorded and transcribed, knowing all identifying information will be removed during transcription to protect your anonymity?","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The 88th Medical Group reviewed and cleared our manuscript for publication on 6 September 2024. Case reviewer: Kristen Van Wert Case Number: 88MDG-2024\u20130043.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The views expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United States Government.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}