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The population attributable fraction (PAF) quantifies the proportion of disease burden attributable to a specific risk factor. This study aims to estimate the PAF for CVD and all-cause mortality related to living completely alone. Additionally, the study examined the PAFs associated with not living with a partner\/spouse.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study used longitudinal data from the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study and its sub-study, the ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons (ALSOP), which included 5853 men and 6998 women. The participants were community-dwelling healthy adults aged 70\u2009+\u2009years without CVD, dementia, or significant physical disabilities. Adjusting for social determinants and traditional risk factors, the gender-specific PAFs of CVD and all-cause mortality attributable to living completely alone and not living with a partner\/spouse were determined.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among women, 13.5% (95% CI: 6.3%, 22.4%) of CVD events could be attributed to living completely alone, and 14.1% (95% CI: 4.6%, 25.2%) to not living with a partner\/spouse. For all-cause mortality in women, the corresponding PAFs were 9.8% (95% CI: 3.7%, 16.6%) and 12.3% (95% CI: 5.8%, 20.8%), respectively. In contrast, among men, only the PAF between not living with a partner\/spouse and all-cause mortality reached statistical significance (PAF\u2009=\u20096.0%; 95% CI: 1.7%, 10.2%). The remaining PAF estimates for CVD events and all-cause mortality were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The observed gender differences in CVD and all-cause mortality related to living alone highlight the need for tailored public health interventions to meet gender-specific needs for social connectedness.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09648-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T12:45:17Z","timestamp":1750855517000},"page":"2613-2623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender-Specific Population Attributable Fractions for Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality Associated with Living Arrangement in Community-Dwelling Older People"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7572-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achamyeleh Birhanu","family":"Teshale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2307-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Htet Lin","family":"Htun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4807-6069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice J.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8290-3996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JR","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8094-1349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irja","family":"Isaksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4072-8699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanne","family":"Freak-Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9648_CR1","first-page":"27","volume":"22","author":"D de Vaus","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Vaus D, Qu L. 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The ASPREE trial received approval from multiple Institutional Review Boards in both Australia and the USA (). Similarly, the ALSOP sub-study was reviewed and approved by the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (Social ALSOP: CF11\/1935\u20132011001094). All participants provided informed consent to partake in the ASPREE clinical trial and ALSOP sub-study. Furthermore, the present study was approved by the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee to conduct secondary data analysis (project ID: 35233).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest:"}}]}}