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OLDW cohort excluded patients without continuous enrollment, with cancer diagnoses or use of hospice or prolonged inpatient skilled nursing care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incident benzodiazepine and opioid co-prescription (\u2265\u200920\u00a0days of co-prescription during any 30-day period).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 617,946 and 223,885 patients, incidence rates of co-prescription were 4.6 and 3.9 cases per 1000 patient-months in the PDMP and OLDW cohorts, respectively. Important predictors included patients prescribed\u2009&gt;\u2009150\u00a0mg morphine equivalents daily during baseline (PDMP, adjusted hazard ratio: 1.74 [95% CI: 1.67\u20131.81]; OLDW: 2.66 [2.47\u20132.86]), and initiated buprenorphine indicated for treatment of opioid use disorder, with (PDMP: 1.68 [1.49\u20131.89]; OLDW: 2.10 [1.71\u20132.59]) or without continued treatment (PDMP: 1.35 [1.18\u20131.56]; OLDW: 1.64 [1.27\u20132.11]). Co-prescription was positively associated with short-term (60-day) decreases in opioid dose (PDMP: 1.07 [1.04\u20131.10]; OLDW: 1.06 [1.01\u20131.12]) but negatively associated with long-term (180-day) decreases (PDMP: 0.81 [0.78\u20130.85]; OLDW: 0.78 [0.73\u20130.84]). Patients with anxiety diagnoses were at elevated risk for co-prescription (OLDW: 2.16 [2.06\u20132.27]), although risk was lower if accompanied by treatment with serotonergic anxiolytics (0.63 [0.59\u20130.67]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High baseline opioid dose, buprenorphine initiation, short-term decrease in opioid dose, and anxiety without prescriptions for serotonergic anxiolytics were positively associated with co-prescription. A longer-term decrease in opioid dose and anxiety treated with serotonergic anxiolytics were negatively associated with co-prescription.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09712-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T20:16:22Z","timestamp":1752696982000},"page":"1030-1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of Incident Benzodiazepine Co-prescription Among Patients Prescribed Long-term Opioids"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5320-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iraklis Erik","family":"Tseregounis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shao-You","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Agnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Gasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua J.","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"9712_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464","volume":"315","author":"D Dowell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. 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