{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T17:54:53Z","timestamp":1782410093016,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010232","name":"National Institute of Development Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24DA046309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24DA046309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM1DA055437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM1DA055437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic consultations (eConsults) allow clinicians to submit questions through the electronic health records (EHR) to request specialist input about individual patients\u2019 care, but there is paucity of literature describing eConsult programs specifically for opioid management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1. To understand clinicians\u2019 reasons for seeking eConsults for opioid management.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>2. To describe characteristics of clinicians\u2019 questions that can be addressed through eConsults without requiring in-person specialist visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective qualitative study of eConsults for opioid management in the ambulatory setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicians who submitted an eConsult request for opioid management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a qualitative content analysis of eConsult requests and responses. First, a priori codes were developed and applied to textual data. Through iterative discussion and memoing, thematic codes were identified and applied to the dataset. Subsequently, breadth and depth of codes were explored, collapsed, and redefined, and relationships between codes were discussed. Following theme development, matrix analysis was used to compare eConsults that resulted with or without a recommendation for an in-person specialist visit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty eConsults were requested by 30 unique referring clinicians mostly from general internal medicine (53%) or family medicine (27%). We identified four themes: (1) clinicians were motivated to reduce harm, (2) clinicians had difficulty labeling opioid misuse and use disorder (OUD), (3) clinicians had difficulty articulating discrete questions, and (4) clinician questions revealed knowledge gaps in opioid management. In-person specialist visits were recommended when clinicians needed help with labeling opioid misuse or OUD or when questions were vague and around complex topics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicians have unease and discomfort in treating chronic pain and managing opioids. eConsults are most helpful for low-complexity, discrete questions from clinicians focused on reducing harm. eConsult implementation should integrate EHR enhancements and clinician training in assessing opioid misuse and OUD and articulating discrete questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09811-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T19:24:19Z","timestamp":1756841059000},"page":"1069-1076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u201cI Am Reluctant to Continue, Yet Know She Could Go into Withdrawal\u201d: A Qualitative Analysis of Clinician Requests for eConsults in Opioid Management in the Ambulatory Setting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila","family":"Khalid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Rikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Watnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany Y.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Carrozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna L.","family":"Starrels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"9811_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2211040","volume":"387","author":"D Dowell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. Prescribing Opioids for Pain \u2014 The New CDC Clinical Practice Guideline. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(22):2011-2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2211040","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine."},{"key":"9811_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"162","author":"JM Dahlhamer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dahlhamer JM, Connor EM, Bose J, Lucas JL, Zelaya CE. Prescription Opioid Use Among Adults With Chronic Pain: United States, 2019. Natl Health Stat Report. 2021;(162):1-9.","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report."},{"issue":"3","key":"9811_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","volume":"71","author":"D Dowell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain \u2014 United States, 2022. MMWR Recommendations and Reports. 2022;71(3):1-95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","journal-title":"MMWR Recommendations and Reports."},{"issue":"2","key":"9811_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4211-y","volume":"33","author":"JS Merlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Merlin JS, Young SR, Starrels JL, et al. Managing Concerning Behaviors in Patients Prescribed Opioids for Chronic Pain: A Delphi Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(2):166-176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-017-4211-y","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"9811_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X15582108","volume":"21","author":"VG Vimalananda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vimalananda VG, Gupte G, Seraj SM, et al. Electronic consultations (e-consults) to improve access to specialty care: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. J Telemed Telecare. 2015;21(6):323-330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1357633X15582108","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare."},{"issue":"10","key":"9811_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2013.0007","volume":"19","author":"E Keely","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keely E, Liddy C, Afkham A. Utilization, Benefits, and Impact of an e-Consultation Service Across Diverse Specialties and Primary Care Providers. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2013;19(10):733-738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/tmj.2013.0007","journal-title":"Telemedicine and e-Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"9811_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34661","DOI":"10.2196\/34661","volume":"5","author":"T Payne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Payne T, Kevric J, Stelmach W, To H. The Use of Electronic Consultations in Outpatient Surgery Clinics: Synthesized Narrative Review. JMIR Perioper Med. 2022;5(1):e34661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/34661","journal-title":"JMIR Perioper Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"9811_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-3852","volume":"172","author":"S Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Kelly YP, Behera TR, et al. Utility, Appropriateness, and Content of Electronic Consultations Across Medical Subspecialties. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(10):641-647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M19-3852","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"S2","key":"9811_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06101-9","volume":"35","author":"S Rikin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rikin S, Zhang C, Lipsey D, et al. Impact of an Opt-In eConsult Program on Primary Care Demand for Specialty Visits: Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Implementation Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(S2):832-838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-020-06101-9","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"9811_CR10","first-page":"14","volume":"32","author":"DM Miller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miller DM, Harvey TL. Pharmacist Pain E-Consults That Result in a Therapy Change. Fed Pract. 2015;32(7):14-19.","journal-title":"Fed Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"9811_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/15360288.2021.1900492","volume":"35","author":"K Muzzio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muzzio K, Chandler M, Painter JT, Dragic L. Characterizing Patients after Opioid Taper in a VA Medical Center. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2021;35(2):84-90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15360288.2021.1900492","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother."},{"issue":"6","key":"9811_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2017.06.170170","volume":"30","author":"C Liddy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liddy C, Smyth C, Poulin PA, Joschko J, Sheppard M, Keely E. Supporting better access to chronic pain specialists: The champlain BASETM eConsult service. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2017;30(6):766-774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3122\/jabfm.2017.06.170170","journal-title":"Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine."},{"key":"9811_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"9811_CR14","unstructured":"Dedoose 9.0.85. Web application for managing, analyzing, and preseing qualitative and mixed method research data Los Angeles: California: sociocultural research consultants, LLC; Published online 2021. Accessed November 26, 2023. www.dedoose.com."},{"key":"9811_CR15","unstructured":"Auerbach CF SLB. Qualitative Data: An Introduction to Coding and Analysis. . Merrill Prentice Hall.; 2003."},{"issue":"4","key":"9811_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","volume":"52","author":"B Saunders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saunders B, Sim J, Kingstone T, et al. Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Qual Quant. 2018;52(4):1893-1907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","journal-title":"Qual Quant."},{"issue":"1","key":"9811_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2015.1129391","volume":"37","author":"JL Starrels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Starrels JL, Peyser D, Haughton L, et al. When human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment goals conflict with guideline-based opioid prescribing: A qualitative study of HIV treatment providers. Subst Abus. 2016;37(1):148-153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2015.1129391","journal-title":"Subst Abus."},{"issue":"11","key":"9811_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx276","volume":"19","author":"LC Kennedy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kennedy LC, Binswanger IA, Mueller SR, et al. \u201cThose Conversations in My Experience Don\u2019t Go Well\u201d: A Qualitative Study of Primary Care Provider Experiences Tapering Long-term Opioid Medications. Pain Medicine. 2018;19(11):2201-2211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnx276","journal-title":"Pain Medicine."},{"issue":"5","key":"9811_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00330.x","volume":"9","author":"SK Dobscha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dobscha SK, Corson K, Flores JA, Tansill EC, Gerrity MS. Veterans Affairs Primary Care Clinicians\u2019 Attitudes toward Chronic Pain and Correlates of Opioid Prescribing Rates. Pain Medicine. 2008;9(5):564-571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00330.x","journal-title":"Pain Medicine."},{"issue":"2","key":"9811_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200702000-00005","volume":"333","author":"JE O\u2019Rorke","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Rorke JE, Chen I, Genao I, Panda M, Cykert S. Physicians\u2019 Comfort in Caring for Patients with Chronic Nonmalignant Pain. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333(2):93-100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000441-200702000-00005","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"9811_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-019-0947-2","volume":"20","author":"L Desveaux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Desveaux L, Saragosa M, Kithulegoda N, Ivers NM. Understanding the behavioural determinants of opioid prescribing among family physicians: a qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2019;20(1):59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-019-0947-2","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract."},{"key":"9811_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bell LV, Fitzgerald SF, Flusk D, Poulin PA, Rash JA. Healthcare provider knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes regarding opioids for chronic non-cancer pain in North America prior to the emergence of COVID-19: A systematic review of qualitative research. Canadian Journal of Pain. 2023;7(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24740527.2022.2156331","DOI":"10.1080\/24740527.2022.2156331"},{"issue":"1","key":"9811_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-35","volume":"11","author":"A Spitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spitz A, Moore AA, Papaleontiou M, Granieri E, Turner BJ, Reid MC. Primary care providers\u2019 perspective on prescribing opioids to older adults with chronic non-cancer pain: A qualitative study. BMC Geriatr. 2011;11(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2318-11-35","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"9811_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05227-9","volume":"35","author":"HR Perez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perez HR, Buonora M, Cunningham CO, Heo M, Starrels JL. Opioid Taper Is Associated with Subsequent Termination of Care: a Retrospective Cohort Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(1):36-42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-019-05227-9","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"9811_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000484","volume":"157","author":"MA Ilgen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ilgen MA, Bohnert ASB, Ganoczy D, Bair MJ, McCarthy JF, Blow FC. Opioid dose and risk of suicide. Pain. 2016;157(5):1079-1084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000484","journal-title":"Pain."},{"issue":"8","key":"9811_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx259","volume":"19","author":"E Hulen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hulen E, Saha S, Morasco BJ, Zeigler C, Mackey K, Edwards ST. Sources of Distress in Primary Care Opioid Management and the Role of a Controlled Substance Review Group: A Qualitative Study. Pain Medicine. 2018;19(8):1570-1577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnx259","journal-title":"Pain Medicine."},{"issue":"9","key":"9811_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny211","volume":"20","author":"JJ Wyse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wyse JJ, Ganzini L, Dobscha SK, Krebs EE, Zamudio J, Morasco BJ. Clinical Strategies for the Treatment and Management of Patients Prescribed Long-term Opioid Therapy. Pain Medicine. 2019;20(9):1737-1744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pny211","journal-title":"Pain Medicine."},{"issue":"8","key":"9811_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2019.04.052","volume":"15","author":"I Kang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang I, Urick B, Vohra R, Ives TJ. Physician-pharmacist collaboration on chronic non-cancer pain management during the opioid crisis: A qualitative interview study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2019;15(8):1027-1031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sapharm.2019.04.052","journal-title":"Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy."},{"issue":"12","key":"9811_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.04.002","volume":"11","author":"DT Barry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barry DT, Irwin KS, Jones ES, et al. Opioids, Chronic Pain, and Addiction in Primary Care. J Pain. 2010;11(12):1442-1450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.04.002","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"9811_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1300\/J465v26n01_02","volume":"26","author":"WC Becker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Becker WC, Fiellin DA. Provider Satisfaction with Office-Based Treatment of Opioid Dependence. Subst Abus. 2006;26(1):15-22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J465v26n01_02","journal-title":"Subst Abus."},{"issue":"4","key":"9811_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1691600","volume":"55","author":"A Raheemullah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raheemullah A, Andruska N, Saeed M, Kumar P. Improving Residency Education on Chronic Pain and Opioid Use Disorder: Evaluation of CDC Guideline-Based Education. Subst Use Misuse. 2020;55(4):684-690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2019.1691600","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse."},{"issue":"5","key":"9811_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596-019-01072-4","volume":"43","author":"AM Vargovich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vargovich AM, Schumann ME, Xiang J, Ginsberg AD, Palmer BA, Sperry JA. Difficult Conversations: Training Medical Students to Assess, Educate, and Treat the Patient with Chronic Pain. Academic Psychiatry. 2019;43(5):494-498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40596-019-01072-4","journal-title":"Academic Psychiatry."},{"key":"9811_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khalid MML, Roth MS, Zhang PC, Burkenroad MA, Carrozzi MG, Starrels MMJL. Guideline adherence and reasons for recommending dose reduction in a primary care-based opioid management clinic. J Opioid Manag. 2021;17(6):481-488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5055\/jom.2021.0682","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2021.0682"},{"issue":"3","key":"9811_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4710-5","volume":"34","author":"JG Katzman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katzman JG, Qualls CR, Satterfield WA, et al. Army and Navy ECHO Pain Telementoring Improves Clinician Opioid Prescribing for Military Patients: an Observational Cohort Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(3):387-395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-018-4710-5","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"9811_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000967","volume":"37","author":"WD Gersch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gersch WD, Delate T, Bergquist KM, Smith K. Clinical Effectiveness of an Outpatient Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Management Telementoring Service. Clin J Pain. 2021;37(10):740-746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000967","journal-title":"Clin J Pain."},{"issue":"3","key":"9811_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmw024","volume":"33","author":"C Liddy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liddy C, Drosinis P, Keely E. Electronic consultation systems: worldwide prevalence and their impact on patient care\u2014a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2016;33(3):274-285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/cmw024","journal-title":"Fam Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"9811_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz185","volume":"27","author":"VG Vimalananda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vimalananda VG, Orlander JD, Afable MK, et al. Electronic consultations (E-consults) and their outcomes: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 2020;27(3):471-479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocz185","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association."},{"issue":"6","key":"9811_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw038","volume":"17","author":"C Liddy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liddy C, Smyth C, Poulin PA, Joschko J, Rebelo M, Keely E. Improving Access to Chronic Pain Services Through eConsultation: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Champlain BASE eConsult Service. Pain Med. 2016;17(6):1049-1057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnw038","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"9811_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11317","volume":"3","author":"J Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee J, Rikin S, Jain R. Identifying Content Themes in Primary Care Physician and Rheumatologist Communications Within Electronic Consultations: A Qualitative Study. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2021;3(10):715-722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr2.11317","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"9811_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12715","volume":"16","author":"JW Frank","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frank JW, Carey EP, Fagan KM, et al. Evaluation of a Telementoring Intervention for Pain Management in the Veterans Health Administration. Pain Medicine. 2015;16(6):1090-1100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pme.12715","journal-title":"Pain Medicine."},{"issue":"9","key":"9811_CR41","first-page":"406","volume":"36","author":"IA Vaughn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaughn IA, Beyth R, Ayers ML, et al. Multispecialty Opioid Risk Reduction Program Targeting Chronic Pain and Addiction Management in Veterans. Fed Pract. 2019;36(9):406-411.","journal-title":"Fed Pract."},{"issue":"7","key":"9811_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx041","volume":"19","author":"WC Becker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Becker WC, Edmond SN, Cervone DJ, et al. Evaluation of an Integrated, Multidisciplinary Program to Address Unsafe Use of Opioids Prescribed for Pain. Pain Medicine. 2018;19(7):1419-1424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnx041","journal-title":"Pain Medicine."},{"issue":"10","key":"9811_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx187","volume":"18","author":"D Anderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anderson D, Zlateva I, Davis B, et al. Improving Pain Care with Project ECHO in Community Health Centers. Pain Medicine. 2017;18(10):1882-1889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnx187","journal-title":"Pain Medicine."}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-025-09811-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-025-09811-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-025-09811-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T16:25:49Z","timestamp":1774283149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-025-09811-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-025-09811-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations:"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human Ethics and Consent to Participate:"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest:"}}]}}