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This study investigated the prevalence, co-occurrence, and risk factors of substance and non-substance addictive behaviors in adults to better inform clinical practice and screening strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected from the Specchio digital cohort in Geneva, Switzerland (2023\u20132024). Addictive and potentially addictive behaviors included smoking, recreational drug use, binge drinking, gambling, excessive\u00a0leisure screen use, and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Analysis included post-stratified prevalence rates, sex- and age-adjusted logistic regression for risk factors, and upset plots for behavioral co-occurrence patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 4575 participants (mean age 52\u00a0years; 59.3% female), smoking had the highest prevalence (15.7%, 95% CI 14.0\u201317.5), followed by binge drinking (12.3%), gambling (9.9%), excessive screen time (9.7%), sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (9.6%), and recreational drug use (5.8%). While smoking alone was most common (21.1%), substance-related behaviors frequently co-occurred (4.3%). Males showed higher odds across all behaviors, particularly gambling (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u2009=\u20092.18, 95% CI 1.76\u20132.70), binge drinking (aOR\u2009=\u20092.10, 95% CI 1.73\u20132.55), and recreational drug use (aOR\u2009=\u20092.08, 95% CI 1.55\u20132.79). Socioeconomic disadvantage strongly correlated with gambling (aOR\u2009=\u20092.34, 95% CI 1.89\u20132.90) and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (aOR\u2009=\u20091.83, 95% CI 1.41\u20132.37). Lower psychological well-being was significantly associated with excessive screen time (aOR\u2009=\u20091.79, 95% CI 1.36\u20132.36), sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (aOR\u2009=\u20091.46, 95% CI 1.01\u20132.13), and smoking (aOR\u2009=\u20091.43, 95% CI 1.20\u20131.71).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals distinct patterns of addictive and potentially addictive behaviors and identifies key risk factors: male sex, lower socioeconomic status, and poor psychological well-being. These findings emphasize the need for targeted prevention strategies and systematic primary care screening, including for new potentially addictive behaviors such as screen time or the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-026-10371-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T14:40:00Z","timestamp":1776177600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Addictive and Potentially Addictive Behaviors in Swiss Adults: A Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5910-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxane","family":"Dumont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayssam","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Schrempft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Baysson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anshu","family":"Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aminata Rosalie","family":"Bouhet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Mechoullam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Lamour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Stringhini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Idris","family":"Guessous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10371_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12899","volume":"110","author":"LR Gowing","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gowing LR, Ali RL, Allsop S, Marsden J, Turf EE, West R, et al. 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After using this tool\/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies in the Writing Process"}}]}}