{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:54:15Z","timestamp":1789754055664,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-026-10532-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:33:09Z","timestamp":1780925589000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Use of Homecare and Health Services Following Hospitalization with COVID-19, Sepsis, and Influenza: Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Harpreet K.","family":"Jaswal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila","family":"Pequeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran L.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Okrainec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10532_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy JL, Haberling DL, Huang CC, et al. Infectious Disease Hospitalizations: United States, 2001 to 2014. Chest. 2019 Aug;156(2):255-68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.04.013"},{"key":"10532_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayr FB, Yende S, Angus DC. Epidemiology of severe sepsis. Virulence. 2014 Jan 1;5(1):4-11.","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.27372"},{"key":"10532_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender RG, Sirota SB, Swetschinski LR, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990&#x2013;2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24(9):974-1002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00176-2"},{"key":"10532_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahal A, Nwosu A, Schanzer DL, Bancej C, Shane A, Lee L. Hospital burden of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other respiratory viruses in Canada, seasons 2010\/2011 to 2018\/2019. Can J Public Health. 2025 Jul 7.","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-025-01049-x"},{"key":"10532_CR5","unstructured":"Canada S. Detailed information on cases of COVID-19, 2020\u20132024: 4-Dimensions (Aggregated data), Public Health Agency of Canada. n.d. [cited 2026 April 17]; Available from: https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/t1\/tbl1\/en\/tv.action?pid=1310086401."},{"key":"10532_CR6","unstructured":"CIHI\u2019s COVID-19 data and information. Canadian Institute for Health Information; [cited 2025 May 14]; Available from: https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/en\/covid-19-resources\/cihis-covid-19-data-and-information."},{"key":"10532_CR7","unstructured":"COVID-19 hospitalization and emergency department statistics. Canadian Institute for Health Information; [cited 2025 June 4]; Available from: https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/en\/covid-19-hospitalization-and-emergency-department-statistics."},{"key":"10532_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo T, MacMillan A, Oudit GY, et al. Long-term health care use and diagnosis after hospitalization for COVID-19: a retrospective matched cohort study. CMAJ Open. 2023;11(4):E706-E15.","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20220002"},{"key":"10532_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loerinc LB, Scheel AM, Evans ST, Shabto JM, O\u2019Keefe GA, O\u2019Keefe JB. Discharge characteristics and care transitions of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Healthc (Amst). 2021 Mar;9(1):100512.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjdsi.2020.100512"},{"key":"10532_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marani H, Shaw J, Marchildon GP. Challenges navigating publicly funded home care in Ontario, Canada: Perspectives from unpaid caregivers of persons living with dementia. Dement. 2023;22(7):1626-45.","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012231190579"},{"key":"10532_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapp JM, Stukel TA, Chung H, et al. Comparison of long-term healthcare use among older adults with disabilities following hospitalization for COVID-19, sepsis, or influenza: a population-based cohort study. The Lancet Regional Health \u2013 Americas. 2024;39.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100910"},{"key":"10532_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown HK, Stukel TA, Chung H, et al. Impact of Pre-Existing Disability on Long-Term Health Care Use Following Hospitalization for COVID-19: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2025 Feb 25.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09396-8"},{"key":"10532_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn KL, Stukel TA, Huang A, et al. Comparison of Medical and Mental Health Sequelae Following Hospitalization for COVID-19, Influenza, and Sepsis. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(8):806-17.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.2228"},{"key":"10532_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bressman E, Coe NB, Chen X, Konetzka RT, Werner RM. Trends in Receipt of Help at Home After Hospital Discharge Among Older Adults in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Nov 1;4(11):e2135346.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.35346"},{"key":"10532_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruneir A, Kwong JC, Campitelli MA, et al. Influenza and Seasonal Patterns of Hospital Use by Older Adults in Long-Term Care and Community Settings in Ontario, Canada. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(2):e141-e7.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301519"},{"key":"10532_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew MK, MacDonald S, Godin J, et al. Persistent Functional Decline Following Hospitalization with Influenza or Acute Respiratory Illness. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021 Mar;69(3):696-703.","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16950"},{"key":"10532_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowles KH, McDonald M, Barr\u00f3n Y, Kennedy E, O\u2019Connor M, Mikkelsen M. Surviving COVID-19 After Hospital Discharge: Symptom, Functional, and Adverse Outcomes of Home Health Recipients. Annals of internal medicine. 2021 2021\/03\/\/;174(3):316\u201325.","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5206"},{"key":"10532_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaidan M, Puebla Neira D, Polychronopoulou E, Yong-Fang K, Sharma G. Healthcare utilization 9 months pre- and post- COVID-19 hospitalization among patients discharged alive. PLoS One. 2024;19(6):e0303509.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303509"},{"key":"10532_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanbehzadeh S, Tavahomi M, Zanjari N, Ebrahimi-Takamjani I, Amiri-Arimi S. Physical and mental health complications post-COVID-19: Scoping review. J Psychosom Res. 2021 Aug;147:110525.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110525"},{"key":"10532_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benchimol EI, Smeeth L, Guttmann A, et al. The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) Statement. PLOS Med. 2015;12(10):e1001885.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001885"},{"key":"10532_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira C, Gatov E, Rosella L, et al. Describing the linkage between administrative social assistance and health care databases in Ontario, Canada. Int J Popul Data Sci. 2022;7(1):1689.","DOI":"10.23889\/ijpds.v7i1.1689"},{"key":"10532_CR22","unstructured":"Ontario PH. Epidemiologic summary: COVID-19 in Ontario \u2013 January 15, 2020 to June 14, 2022. Toronto, ON: Queen\u2019s Printer for Ontario;, 2022."},{"key":"10532_CR23","unstructured":"Canada S. Census Profile. Ottawa2023 [cited 2024 June]; Available from: https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2021\/dp-pd\/prof\/details\/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Ontario&DGUIDlist=2021A000235&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0."},{"key":"10532_CR24","unstructured":"What OHIP covers. Government of Ontario; 2017 [cited 2024 June]; Available from: https:\/\/www.ontario.ca\/page\/what-ohip-covers."},{"key":"10532_CR25","unstructured":"Ontario Go. Get physiotherapy. 2025 [cited 2026 April 17]; Available from: https:\/\/www.ontario.ca\/page\/get-physiotherapy."},{"key":"10532_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Slikke EC, Beumeler LFE, Holmqvist M, Linder A, Mankowski RT, Bouma HR. Understanding Post-Sepsis Syndrome: How Can Clinicians Help? Infect Drug Resist. 2023;16:6493-511.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S390947"},{"key":"10532_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nwosu A, Lee L, Schmidt K, Buckrell S, Sevenhuysen C, Bancej C. National Influenza Annual Report, Canada, 2020-2021, in the global context. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2021 Oct 14;47(10):405-13.","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v47i10a02"},{"key":"10532_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung H, Austin PC, Brown KA, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines Over Time Prior to Omicron Emergence in Ontario, Canada: Test-Negative Design Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Sep;9(9):ofac449.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac449"},{"key":"10532_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolley RJ, Quan H, Jett\u00e9 N, et al. Validation and optimisation of an ICD-10-coded case definition for sepsis using administrative health data. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12):e009487.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009487"},{"key":"10532_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah BR, Chiu M, Amin S, Ramani M, Sadry S, Tu JV. Surname lists to identify South Asian and Chinese ethnicity from secondary data in Ontario, Canada: a validation study. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2010 2010\/05\/15;10(1):42.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-42"},{"key":"10532_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondor L, Maxwell CJ, Hogan DB, et al. Multimorbidity and healthcare utilization among home care clients with dementia in Ontario, Canada: A retrospective analysis of a population-based cohort. PLOS Med. 2017;14(3):e1002249.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002249"},{"key":"10532_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert T, Neuburger J, Kraindler J, et al. Development and validation of a Hospital Frailty Risk Score focusing on older people in acute care settings using electronic hospital records: an observational study. The Lancet. 2018;391(10132):1775-82.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30668-8"},{"key":"10532_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAlister F, van Walraven C. External validation of the Hospital Frailty Risk Score and comparison with the Hospital-patient One-year Mortality Risk Score to predict outcomes in elderly hospitalised patients: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Qual Saf. 2019 Apr;28(4):284-8.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2018-008661"},{"key":"10532_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Walraven C, Dhalla IA, Bell C, et al. Derivation and validation of an index to predict early death or unplanned readmission after discharge from hospital to the community. Cmaj. 2010 Apr 6;182(6):551-7.","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091117"},{"key":"10532_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas LE, Li F, Pencina MJ. Overlap Weighting: A Propensity Score Method That Mimics Attributes of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;323(23):2417-8.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.7819"},{"key":"10532_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena FE, Bierman AS, Glazier RH, et al. Association of Early Physician Follow-up With Readmission Among Patients Hospitalized for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Congestive Heart Failure, or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jul 1;5(7):e2222056.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.22056"},{"key":"10532_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakerson A. Home Care in Ontario: Perspectives on Equity. Int J Health Serv. 2019;49(2):260-72.","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731418804403"},{"key":"10532_CR38","unstructured":"Gilmour H. Unmet home care needs in Canada. Health Rep. 2018 Nov 21;29(11):3-11."},{"key":"10532_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flood CM, Thomas B, McGibbon E. Canada\u2019s primary care crisis: Federal government response. Healthc Manage Forum. 2023 Sep;36(5):327-32.","DOI":"10.1177\/08404704231183863"},{"key":"10532_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinn C-LJ, Sultan H, Turcotte LA, McArthur C, Hirdes JP. Patterns of home care assessment and service provision before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. PLOS ONE. 2022;17(3):e0266160.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266160"},{"key":"10532_CR41","unstructured":"Rosella LC, Buajitti, Emmalin., Daniel, Imtiaz., Alexander, Monica. & Brown, Adalsteinn. Projected patterns of illnesses in Ontario. Toronto, Ontario: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 2024."},{"key":"10532_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haileamlak A. Pandemics Will be More Frequent. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2022 Mar;32(2):228.","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v32i5.1"},{"key":"10532_CR43","unstructured":"COVID-19\u2019s impact on home care. Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2020; Available from: https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/en\/covid-19-resources\/impact-of-covid-19-on-canadas-health-care-systems\/home-care-services."},{"key":"10532_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mankowski R, Anton S, Ghita G, et al. Older Sepsis Survivors Suffer Persistent Disability Burden and Poor Long-Term Survival. Innovation in Aging. 2020;4(Supplement_1):138\u20139.","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaa057.454"},{"key":"10532_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shreya D, Fish PN, Du D. Navigating the Future of Elderly Healthcare: A Comprehensive Analysis of Aging Populations and Mortality Trends Using National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Data (2010-2024). Cureus. 2025 Mar;17(3):e80442.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.80442"},{"key":"10532_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen K, Yang Y, Ornstein KA, Shih RA, Reckrey JM. Paying for home care out-of-pocket is common and costly across the income spectrum among older adults. Health Aff Sch. 2025 Jan;3(1):qxae180.","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxae180"},{"key":"10532_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones CH, Dolsten M. Healthcare on the brink: navigating the challenges of an aging society in the United States. NPJ Aging. 2024 Apr 6;10(1):22.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-024-00148-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10532-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10532-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10532-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:33:38Z","timestamp":1780925618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10532-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10532-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Number"}}]}}