{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:26:22Z","timestamp":1793643982987,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite the advent of well-tolerated and curative direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV), rates of acute HCV infections have increased in the past decade, persistently falling short of national eradication goals. HCV elimination strategies have adopted the care cascade, a framework originating in HIV care, to assess where patients are lost at each step of diagnosis, linkage to care, receipt of DAAs, and achievement of sustained virologic response. Interventions aimed at strengthening the HIV care cascade, including community-based testing, rapid initiation of treatment, and federal funding for treatment and housing, have been instrumental in increasing the number of people living with HIV who achieve viral suppression. Widescale uptake of HCV treatment, meanwhile, continues to face barriers, from payor restrictions to provider hesitance to treat patients who use drugs, despite evidence demonstrating high rates of treatment completion among this population. HIV care has critically reframed treatment nonadherence as a need for more support, rather than as a value judgment and as a reflection of the patient\u2019s ability to receive treatment. We advocate for this approach to be applied to HCV care to provide broader and more equitable access to HCV treatment, and ultimately cure, particularly for marginalized populations such as people who use drugs (PWUD). We propose solutions for increasing HCV treatment uptake using lessons from HIV care, including using a test and treat approach to initiate DAAs during hospital admission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-026-10629-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:37:34Z","timestamp":1786991854000},"page":"4162-4168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Meeting Patients with Hepatitis C Where They Are: Lessons from the HIV Epidemic in the USA"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3968-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna C.","family":"Scialli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1141-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara","family":"Vijayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10629_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.06.016","volume":"65","author":"P Hernandez-Con","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hernandez-Con P, Wilson DL, Tang H, Unigwe I, Riaz M, Ourhaan N, et al. Hepatitis C cascade of care in the direct-acting antivirals era: a meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2023;65(6):1153-62.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"10629_CR2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis surveillance report \u2013 United States, 2022. Atlanta (GA): April 2024. [cited December 30, 2024.] Available from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis-surveillance-2022\/about\/index.html."},{"issue":"32","key":"10629_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7132e1","volume":"71","author":"WW Thompson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thompson WW, Symum H, Sandul A, Gupta N, Patel P, Nelson N, et al. Vital signs: hepatitis C treatment among insured adults - United States, 2019-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(32):1011-7.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10629_CR4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monitoring selected national HIV prevention and care objectives by using HIV surveillance data\u2014United States and 6 territories and freely associated states, 2022: HIV surveillance supplemental report. Atlanta (GA): 2024. [cited March 11, 2025.] Available from https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/156511."},{"issue":"6","key":"10629_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2018.03.010","volume":"46","author":"A Melhuish","year":"2018","unstructured":"Melhuish A, Lewthwaite P. Natural history of HIV and AIDS. Medicine. 2018;46(6):356-61.","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"issue":"10407","key":"10629_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01320-X","volume":"402","author":"M Martinello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martinello M, Solomon SS, Terrault NA, Dore GJ. Hepatitis C. The Lancet. 2023;402(10407):1085-96.","journal-title":"The Lancet."},{"issue":"9","key":"10629_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.107","volume":"10","author":"B Hajarizadeh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, Dore GJ. Epidemiology and natural history of HCV infection. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(9):553-62.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10629_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.11.045","volume":"16","author":"G Cholankeril","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cholankeril G, Ahmed A. Alcoholic liver disease replaces hepatitis C virus infection as the leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(8):1356-8.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"10629_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226064000.001.0001","volume-title":"Patient zero and the making of the AIDS epidemic","author":"RA McKay","year":"2017","unstructured":"McKay RA. Patient zero and the making of the AIDS epidemic. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press; 2017."},{"key":"10629_CR10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1981;30(21):250\u20132."},{"issue":"24","key":"10629_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198112103052408","volume":"305","author":"DT Durack","year":"1981","unstructured":"Durack DT. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men. N Engl J Med. 1981;305(24):1465-1467.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10629_CR12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)\u2014United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1982;31:507\u2013508. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/00001163.htm."},{"issue":"4679","key":"10629_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6095449","volume":"226","author":"GM Shaw","year":"1984","unstructured":"Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Arya SK, Groopman JE, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F. Molecular characterization of human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) virus type III in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Science. 1984;226(4679):1165-71.","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"1","key":"10629_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"34","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1985","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Provisional Public Health Service inter-agency recommendations for screening donated blood and plasma for antibody to the virus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1985;34(1):1-5.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10629_CR15","unstructured":"Schulman S. Let the record show: a political history of ACT UP New York, 1987\u20131993. New York: Picador\/Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 2022. E-book."},{"issue":"3","key":"10629_CR16","first-page":"41","volume":"40","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1991","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mortality attributable to HIV infection\/AIDS\u2014United States, 1981-1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1991;40(3):41-4.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"15","key":"10629_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197504102921502","volume":"292","author":"SM Feinstone","year":"1975","unstructured":"Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purcell RH, Alter HJ, Holland PV. Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. N Engl J Med. 1975;292(15):767-70.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10629_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00608-8","volume":"19","author":"MP Manns","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manns MP, Maasoumy B. Breakthroughs in hepatitis C research: from discovery to cure. Nature Reviews Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(8):533-50.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"4902","key":"10629_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2523562","volume":"244","author":"QL Choo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science. 1989;244(4902):359-62.","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"10629_CR20","unstructured":"Smith BD, Morgan RL, Beckett GA, Falck-Ytter Y, Holtzman D, Teo CG, et al. Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945\u20131965. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2012;61(RR-4):1\u201332.20."},{"key":"10629_CR21","unstructured":"Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47(Rr-19):1\u201339."},{"key":"10629_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, et al. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020;323(10):970\u2013975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.1123.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1123"},{"issue":"2","key":"10629_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12403","volume":"79","author":"A Tseng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tseng A, Seet J, Phillips EJ. The evolution of three decades of antiretroviral therapy: challenges, triumphs and the promise of the future. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79(2):182-194.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10629_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu046","volume":"58","author":"JB Nachega","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nachega JB, Parienti J-J, Uthman OA, Gross R, Dowdy DW, Sax PE, et al. Lower pill burden and once-daily antiretroviral treatment regimens for HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(9):1297-307.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"10629_CR25","first-page":"115","volume":"4","author":"M Airoldi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Airoldi M, Zaccarelli M, Bisi L, Bini T, Antinori A, Mussini C, et al. One-pill once-a-day HAART: a simplification strategy that improves adherence and quality of life of HIV-infected subjects. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2010;4:115-25.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence."},{"issue":"12","key":"10629_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1904398","volume":"382","author":"S Swindells","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swindells S, Andrade-Villanueva JF, Richmond GJ, Rizzardini G, Baumgarten A, Masi\u00e1 M, et al. Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine for maintenance of HIV-1 suppression. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1112-23.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10629_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2411858","volume":"392","author":"CF Kelley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kelley CF, Acevedo-Qui\u00f1ones M, Agwu AL, Avihingsanon A, Benson P, Blumenthal J, et al. Twice-yearly lenacapavir for HIV prevention in men and gender-diverse persons. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(13):1261-76.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10629_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McHutchison JG, Manns M, Patel K, Poynard T, Lindsay KL, Trepo C, et al. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. Adherence to combination therapy enhances sustained response in genotype-1\u2013infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(4):1061\u20131069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/gast.2002.35950.","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.35950"},{"issue":"2","key":"10629_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000927","volume":"81","author":"EW Hall","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hall EW, Bradley H, Barker LK, Lewis KC, Shealey J, Valverde E, et al. Estimating hepatitis C prevalence in the United States, 2017-2020. Hepatology. 2025;81(2):625-36.","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"4","key":"10629_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001733","volume":"32","author":"MC McNulty","year":"2018","unstructured":"McNulty MC, Schneider JA. Care continuum entry interventions: seek and test strategies to engage persons most impacted by HIV within the United States. AIDS. 2018;32(4):407-17.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"issue":"5","key":"10629_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181bf1c45","volume":"53","author":"ML Campsmith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campsmith ML, Rhodes PH, Hall HI, Green TA. Undiagnosed HIV prevalence among adults and adolescents in the United States at the end of 2006. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(5):619-24.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"10629_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6647e1","volume":"66","author":"AF Dailey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dailey AF, Hoots BE, Hall HI, Song R, Hayes D, Fulton P, et al. Vital signs: human immunodeficiency virus testing and diagnosis delays \u2014 United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:1300-6.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10629_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13060","volume":"26","author":"H-S Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim H-S, Yang JD, El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Awareness of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States: An update from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Viral Hepat. 2019;26(5):596-602.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat."},{"issue":"4","key":"10629_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00023-0","volume":"8","author":"G Chamie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chamie G, Napierala S, Agot K, Thirumurthy H. HIV testing approaches to reach the first UNAIDS 95% target in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(4):e225-e36.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"key":"10629_CR35","unstructured":"Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). Office of Pharmacy Affairs (OPA): 340B Drug Pricing Program [Internet]. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2026 Feb 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.hrsa.gov\/opa."},{"key":"10629_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furukawa NW, Ingber SZ, Symum H, Rapposelli KK, Teshale EH, Thompson WW, et al. Medicaid expansion and restriction policies for hepatitis C treatment. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(7):e2422406-e.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.22406"},{"key":"10629_CR37","unstructured":"Bhattacharya D, Aronsohn A, Price J, Lo Re V 3rd. Hepatitis C guidance 2023 update: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2023."},{"key":"10629_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gowda C, Lott S, Grigorian M, Carbonari DM, Saine ME, Trooskin S, et al. Absolute insurer denial of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C: a national specialty pharmacy cohort study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(6):ofy076.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy076"},{"key":"10629_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00212","volume":"9","author":"A Song","year":"2018","unstructured":"Song A, Liu X, Huang X, Meyers K, Oh DY, Hou J, et al. From CD4-based initiation to treating all HIV-infected adults immediately: an evidence-based meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:212.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10629_CR40","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach; 2021. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. [cited April 9, 2025.] Available from https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240031593"},{"issue":"3","key":"10629_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hky108","volume":"33","author":"TJ Padamsee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Padamsee TJ. Fighting an epidemic in political context: thirty-five years of HIV\/AIDS policy making in the United States. Soc Hist Med. 2020;33(3):1001-28.","journal-title":"Soc Hist Med."},{"issue":"10279","key":"10629_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00397-4","volume":"397","author":"J Kates","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kates J, Dawson L, Horn TH, Killelea A, McCann NC, Crowley JS, et al. Insurance coverage and financing landscape for HIV treatment and prevention in the USA. Lancet. 2021;397(10279):1127-1138.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"7","key":"10629_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1982","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa838","volume":"73","author":"P Jacobs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacobs P, Feaster DJ, Pan Y, Gooden LK, Daar ES, Lucas GM, et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the hospital is associated with linkage to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care for persons living with HIV and substance use disorder. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;73(7):e1982-e90.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10629_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1698704","volume":"32","author":"AE Nijhawan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nijhawan AE, Bhattatiry M, Chansard M, Zhang S, Halm EA. HIV care cascade before and after hospitalization: impact of a multidisciplinary inpatient team in the US South. AIDS Care. 2020;32(11):1343-52.","journal-title":"AIDS Care."},{"issue":"3","key":"10629_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad711","volume":"78","author":"H Midgard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Midgard H, Malme KB, Pihl CM, Berg-Pedersen RM, Tanum L, Klundby I, et al. Opportunistic Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection Among Hospitalized People Who Inject Drugs (OPPORTUNI-C): a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2024;78(3):582-90.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"15","key":"10629_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08386-y","volume":"38","author":"LM McCrary","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCrary LM, Roberts KE, Bowman MC, Castillo B, Darling JM, Dunn C, et al. Inpatient hepatitis C treatment coordination and initiation for patients who inject drugs. J Gen Intern Med. 2023;38(15):3428-33.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10629_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001276","volume":"74","author":"J Weiser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weiser J, Brooks JT, Skarbinski J, West BT, Duke CC, Gremel GW, et al. Barriers to universal prescribing of antiretroviral therapy by HIV care providers in the United States, 2013\u20132014. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74(5):479-87.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10629_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.30429.x","volume":"19","author":"MD Wong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wong MD, Cunningham WE, Shapiro MF, Andersen RM, Cleary PD, Duan N, et al. Disparities in HIV treatment and physician attitudes about delaying protease inhibitors for nonadherent patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(4):366-74.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"10629_CR49","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Updated 2024. [cited March 11, 2025.] Available from https:\/\/clinicalinfo.hiv.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/guidelines\/documents\/adult-adolescent-arv\/guidelines-adult-adolescent-arv.pdf."},{"issue":"11","key":"10629_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1003-4","volume":"19","author":"AS Terzian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Terzian AS, Irvine MK, Hollod LM, Lim S, Rojas J, Shepard CW. Effect of HIV housing services on engagement in care and treatment, New York City, 2011. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(11):2087-96.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"10629_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac139","volume":"75","author":"EH Teshale","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teshale EH, Roberts H, Gupta N, Jiles R. Characteristics of persons treated for hepatitis c using national pharmacy claims data, United States, 2014-2020. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(6):1078-80.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"10629_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scialli A, Saab S, Salimian A, Bhattacharya D, Goodman-Meza D. Hepatitis C treatment among primary care and specialty providers: a single center study, 2015 to 2022. J Prim Care Community Health. 2024;15.","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319241253521"},{"issue":"8","key":"10629_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4608-9","volume":"62","author":"SS Rogal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rogal SS, McCarthy R, Reid A, Rodriguez KL, Calgaro L, Patel K, et al. Primary care and hepatology provider-perceived barriers to and facilitators of hepatitis C treatment candidacy and adherence. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62(8):1933-43.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10629_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30304-2","volume":"3","author":"B Hajarizadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hajarizadeh B, Cunningham EB, Reid H, Law M, Dore GJ, Grebely J. Direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C among people who use or inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(11):754-67.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"10629_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103247","volume":"96","author":"A Amoako","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amoako A, Ortiz-Paredes D, Engler K, Lebouche B, Klein MB. Patient and provider perceived barriers and facilitators to direct acting antiviral hepatitis C treatment among priority populations in high income countries: A knowledge synthesis. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;96:103247.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"10629_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.013","volume":"62","author":"EB Cunningham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cunningham EB, Amin J, Feld JJ, Bruneau J, Dalgard O, Powis J, et al. Adherence to sofosbuvir and velpatasvir among people with chronic HCV infection and recent injection drug use: The SIMPLIFY study. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;62:14-23.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"3","key":"10629_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13454","volume":"28","author":"M Fabbiani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fabbiani M, Lombardi A, Colaneri M, Del Poggio P, Perini P, D'Ambrosio R, et al. High rates of sustained virological response despite premature discontinuation of directly acting antivirals in HCV-infected patients treated in a real-life setting. J Viral Hepat. 2021;28(3):558-68.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat."},{"key":"10629_CR58","unstructured":"National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors. NASTAD ADAP Watch: February 2026 [Internet]. Arlington (VA): NASTAD; 2026 Feb [cited 2026 Mar 2]. Available from: https:\/\/nastad.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2026-02\/nastad-adap-watch-february-2026_2.pdf."},{"key":"10629_CR59","unstructured":"HIV Incidence May Face Staggering Increases If Ryan White Ends. Infectious Disease Special Edition [Internet]. 2026 Feb 26 [cited 2026 Mar 2]. Available from: https:\/\/www.idse.net\/HIV-AIDS\/Article\/02-26\/what-happens-if-Ryan-White-ends-for-HIV-AIDS\/79810."},{"key":"10629_CR60","unstructured":"Coffey A, Hahn H. Medicaid cuts in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act leave 3 in 10 young adults vulnerable to losing health care access. Urban Institute Urban Wire. Published August 7, 2025. https:\/\/www.urban.org\/urban-wire\/medicaid-cuts-one-big-beautiful-bill-act-leave-3-10-young-adults-vulnerable-losing. Accessed 2 Apr 2026."},{"key":"10629_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Kpokiri E, Elasi D, Sheng R, Wang K, Conyers H, et al. Community engagement and chronic viral hepatitis public health interventions: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and complementary crowdsourcing open call. eClinicalMedicine. 2025;83:103234.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103234"},{"issue":"3","key":"10629_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae521","volume":"80","author":"MJ Akiyama","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akiyama MJ, Thornton K, Voyles N, Vincent L. Meeting people where they are: the roles of peer navigation and telemedicine for hepatitis C virus elimination. Clin Infect Dis. 2025;80(3):509-511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae521.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"10629_CR63","unstructured":"NEXT Distro. Fight back! Drug user unions: how drug users are working together for their rights. Published May 16, 2023. https:\/\/nextdistro.org\/resources-collection\/fight-back-drug-user-unions-how-drug-users-are-working-together-for-their-rights. Accessed 2 Apr 2026."}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10629-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10629-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10629-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:29:36Z","timestamp":1793640576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10629-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10629-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}