{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T21:02:32Z","timestamp":1785445352072,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are increasingly used for glycemic control, chronic weight management, and cardiovascular risk reduction. There is growing interest in understanding GLP-1 spending and affordability patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate national trends in total and out-of-pocket (OOP) spending on GLP-1\u00a0s and other incretin mimetics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>U.S. adults (aged\u2009\u2265\u200918\u00a0years) in the 2013\u20132023 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MAIN MEASURES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included four measures: (1) total annual GLP-1 spending; (2) median annual GLP-1 OOP spending per individual; (3) OOP burden, defined as an individual\u2019s annual GLP-1 OOP spending as a share of their household income; and (4) high OOP burden, defined as the proportion of GLP-1 users with OOP burden\u2009\u2265\u200910%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>KEY RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The analytic sample comprised 2,797 survey respondents, representing 33 million adults nationally; approximately 99% of these respondents were identified directly from medication names and the other 1% was identified using the MEPS code for other GLP-1\u00a0s\/other incretin mimetics. Total GLP-1 spending increased nearly 15-fold, from $4.4 billion in 2013 to $64.9 billion in 2023, reflecting an average annual percentage change of 31.02% (95% CI, 27.6%\u201334.5%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Median annual per-capita OOP spending was $1,528 and highest among privately insured patients and high-income adults. Mean OOP burden was 7.04% and highest among uninsured, publicly insured, and low-income adults. On average, nearly one in five (18.18%) GLP-1 users experienced high OOP burden, which was also highest among uninsured, publicly insured, and low-income adults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spending on GLP-1\u00a0s and other incretin mimetics rose substantially over time, emphasizing the need to ensure the affordability of these key therapies, particularly among uninsured and lower-income populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-026-10658-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T20:51:05Z","timestamp":1785444665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spending and Affordability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Other Incretin Mimetics in the United States, 2013\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0173-495X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye In Christopher","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"10658_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2500106","volume":"394","author":"CJ Rosen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rosen CJ, Ingelfinger JR. 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