{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:48:42Z","timestamp":1793047722295,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012462","name":"Office of Academic Affiliations, Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TPH 21-000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TPH 21-000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-026-10678-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:24:06Z","timestamp":1788452646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Teach-Back in Clinical Communication: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1637-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith B.","family":"Vick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Klimek-Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharron","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikaela","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Lewinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph H.","family":"Neiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dazhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letha","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"Der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelaide M.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Crossgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Hoenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cantrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neesha","family":"Namasingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deirdre","family":"Thornlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Alishahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Gierisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10678_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1109283","volume":"366","author":"MJ Barry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barry MJ, Edgman-Levitan S. Shared decision making--pinnacle of patient-centered care. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(9):780-1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp1109283.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10678_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. 2001;\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/10027.","DOI":"10.17226\/10027"},{"issue":"3","key":"10678_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12299","volume":"19","author":"J Menichetti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Menichetti J, Libreri C, Lozza E, Graffigna G. Giving patients a starring role in their own care: a bibliometric analysis of the on-going literature debate. Health Expect. 2016;19(3):516-26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hex.12299.","journal-title":"Health Expect."},{"issue":"7","key":"10678_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000387","volume":"53","author":"LM Lines","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lines LM, Lepore M, Wiener JM. Patient-centered, Person-centered, and Person-directed Care: They are Not the Same. Med Care.\u00a02015;53(7):561-3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000387","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"10678_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vick JB, Wolff JL. A scoping review of person and family engagement in the context of multiple chronic conditions. Health Serv Res. 2021;56 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):990\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.13857.","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13857"},{"key":"10678_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bernacki RE, Block SD.\u00a0American College of Physicians High Value Care Task F. Communication about serious illness care goals: a review and synthesis of best practices. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(12):1994\u20132003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.5271.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.5271"},{"issue":"19","key":"10678_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr318","volume":"103","author":"A Fagerlin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fagerlin A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Ubel PA. Helping patients decide: ten steps to better risk communication. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(19):1436-43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djr318.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10678_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santana S, Brach C, Harris L, et al. Updating Health Literacy for Healthy People 2030: Defining Its Importance for a New Decade in Public Health. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2021;27(Suppl 6):S258-S264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001324.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001324"},{"key":"10678_CR9","unstructured":"Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2030. https:\/\/health.gov\/healthypeople\/about\/healthy-people-2030-framework."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.07.026","volume":"104","author":"V Shersher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shersher V, Haines TP, Sturgiss L, Weller C, Williams C. Definitions and use of the teach-back method in healthcare consultations with patients: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Patient Educ Couns. 2021;104(1):118-129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2020.07.026.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns."},{"issue":"3","key":"10678_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2008.11.015","volume":"74","author":"RL Street Jr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Street RL Jr, Makoul G, Arora NK, Epstein RM. How does communication heal? Pathways linking clinician-patient communication to health outcomes. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;74(3):295\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2008.11.015.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns."},{"key":"10678_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215013192110666","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319211066658","volume":"13","author":"YR Hong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hong YR, Jo A, Huo J, Cardel MI, Mainous AG, 3rd. Pathways of Teach-Back Communication to Health Outcomes Among Individuals With Diabetes: A Pathway Modeling. J Prim Care Community Health. 2022;13:21501319211066658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21501319211066658.","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health. Jan-Dec"},{"issue":"7","key":"10678_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2022.03.019","volume":"105","author":"EC Tarbi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarbi EC, Blanch-Hartigan D, van Vliet LM, Gramling R, Tulsky JA, Sanders JJ. Toward a basic science of communication in serious illness. Patient Educ Couns.\u00a02022;105(7):1963-1969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2022.03.019.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns."},{"key":"10678_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Howie-Esquivel J, Bidwell JT. A State-of-the-Art Review of Teach-Back for Patients and Families With Heart Failure: How Far Have We Come? J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2023;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000980.","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000980"},{"issue":"2","key":"10678_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/jorc.12462","volume":"50","author":"H Jagodage","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jagodage H, McGuire A, Seib C, Bonner A. Effectiveness of teach-back for chronic kidney disease patient education: A systematic review. J Ren Care. 2024;50(2):92-103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jorc.12462.","journal-title":"J Ren Care."},{"issue":"12","key":"10678_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-021-06445-w","volume":"29","author":"S Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi S, Choi J. Effects of the teach-back method among cancer patients: a systematic review of the literature. Support Care Cancer.\u00a02021;29(12):7259-7268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-021-06445-w.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.11124\/jbisrir-2016-2296","volume":"14","author":"TT Ha Dinh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ha Dinh TT, Bonner A, Clark R, Ramsbotham J, Hines S. The effectiveness of the teach-back method on adherence and self-management in health education for people with chronic disease: a systematic review. JBI Datab Syst Rev Implement Rep. 2016;14(1):210-47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/jbisrir-2016-2296.","journal-title":"JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep."},{"key":"10678_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mashhadi SF, Hisam A, Sikander S, et al. Post Discharge mHealth and Teach-Back Communication Effectiveness on Hospital Readmissions: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19)https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph181910442.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910442"},{"issue":"4","key":"10678_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/PTS.0000000000000596","volume":"17","author":"EG Oh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oh EG, Lee HJ, Yang YL, Kim YM. Effectiveness of Discharge Education With the Teach-Back Method on 30-Day Readmission: A Systematic Review. J Patient Saf. 2021;17(4):305-310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PTS.0000000000000596.","journal-title":"J Patient Saf."},{"issue":"4","key":"10678_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231350","volume":"15","author":"J Talevski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Talevski J, Wong Shee A, Rasmussen B, Kemp G, Beauchamp A. Teach-back: A systematic review of implementation and impacts. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0231350.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"6","key":"10678_CR21","first-page":"284","volume":"36","author":"PH Yen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yen PH, Leasure AR. Use and Effectiveness of the Teach-Back Method in Patient Education and Health Outcomes. Fed Pract.\u00a02019;36(6):284-289.","journal-title":"Fed Pract."},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"10678_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.038","volume":"126","author":"WE Whitehead","year":"2004","unstructured":"Whitehead WE. Control groups appropriate for behavioral interventions. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(1 Suppl 1):S159-63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.038.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"10678_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.02.011","volume":"110","author":"KE Freedland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freedland KE, King AC, Ambrosius WT, et al. The selection of comparators for randomized controlled trials of health-related behavioral interventions: recommendations of an NIH expert panel. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;110:74-81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.02.011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"10678_CR24","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA Health Systems Research: Evidence Synthesis Program. https:\/\/www.hsrd.research.va.gov\/publications\/esp\/. Accessed 5\/26\/25, 2025."},{"key":"10678_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;350:g7647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.g7647.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647"},{"key":"10678_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","volume":"75","author":"J McGowan","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"10678_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104453","volume":"140","author":"EG Oh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oh EG, Lee JY, Lee HJ, Oh S. Effects of discharge education using teach-back methods in patients with heart failure: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2023;140:104453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104453.","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies."},{"key":"10678_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schardt C, Adams MB, Owens T, Keitz S, Fontelo P. Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2007;7:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6947-7-16.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-7-16"},{"key":"10678_CR29","unstructured":"Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC). What study designs can be considered for inclusion in an EPOC review and what should they be called? 2017."},{"key":"10678_CR30","unstructured":"Covidence systematic review software. Veritas Health Innovation. www.covidence.org."},{"key":"10678_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovic J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l4898.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"10678_CR32","unstructured":"Cochrane Collaboration. RoB 2: A revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Available at: https:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/bias\/resources\/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials."},{"key":"10678_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daniel Gallardo-Gomez RR, Dwan K. Standardized mean differences in meta-analysis: A tutorial. Cochrane Ev Synth. 2024;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cesm.12047.","DOI":"10.1002\/cesm.12047"},{"key":"10678_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36(3):1-48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v036.i03.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"10678_CR35","unstructured":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. vol Version 6.5. 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"10678_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/17538068.2020.1768658","volume":"13","author":"O Berthelsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berthelsen O, Wiklund M, S\u00e4thil K, Samulowitz A, Fagevik Ols\u00e9n M. An evaluation of two different methods for preoperative physical therapy information before abdominal surgery. J Commun Healthc. 2020;13(2):102-110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17538068.2020.1768658.","journal-title":"Journal of Communication in Healthcare."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06601-0","volume":"24","author":"EO Cetindemir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cetindemir EO, Cangol E. The effect of breastfeeding education given through the teach-back method on mothers\u2019 breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding success: a randomized controlled study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2024;24(1):453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06601-0.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth."},{"issue":"12","key":"10678_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22557","volume":"23","author":"B Ghorbani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghorbani B, Jackson AC, Noorchenarboo M, et al. Comparing the Effects of Gamification and Teach-Back Training Methods on Adherence to a Therapeutic Regimen in Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Randomized Clinical Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(12):e22557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/22557.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research."},{"issue":"2","key":"10678_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/jppr.1898","volume":"54","author":"S Goni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goni S, Roussety A, Jovanovic M. Assessing adherence and comprehension of cardiovascular medicines with pharmacist intervention post-acute myocardial infarction: a pilot study. J Pharm Pract Res. 2024;54(2):135-144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jppr.1898.","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacy Practice & Research."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1179\/1753807615Y.0000000001","volume":"8","author":"RT Griffey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Griffey RT, Shin N, Jones S, et al. The impact of teach-back on comprehension of discharge instructions and satisfaction among emergency patients with limited health literacy: A randomized, controlled study. J Commun Healthc. 2015;8(1):10-21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/1753807615Y.0000000001.","journal-title":"J Commun Healthc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10678_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11659","volume":"6","author":"D Joseph","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joseph D, Hu R, Min R, Jolly M, Hassan S. Use and Utility of Patient After-Visit Instructions at a University Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic: Status and Randomized Prospective Pilot Intervention Study. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2024;6(5):321-329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr2.11659.","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatology."},{"issue":"3","key":"10678_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5812\/msnj.111465","volume":"9","author":"H Mesbahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mesbahi H, Kermansaravi F, Kiyani F. The Effect of Teach-Back Training on Self-Care and Readmission of Patients with Heart Failure. Med-Surg Nurs J. 2020;9(3):1-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/msnj.111465.","journal-title":"Medical-Surgical Nursing Journal."},{"issue":"4","key":"10678_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13921","volume":"75","author":"MA Nas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nas MA, Cayir Y, Bilen A. The impact of teach-back educational method on diabetes knowledge level and clinical parameters in type 2 diabetes patients undergoing insulin therapy. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(4):e13921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijcp.13921.","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Practice."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.18205","volume":"3","author":"VG Press","year":"2020","unstructured":"Press VG, Arora VM, Kelly CA, Carey KA, White SR, Wan W. Effectiveness of Virtual vs In-Person Inhaler Education for Hospitalized Patients With Obstructive Lung Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):e1918205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.18205.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open."},{"key":"10678_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8897881","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8897881","volume":"2020","author":"A Rahmani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahmani A, Vahedian-Azimi A, Sirati-Nir M, Norouzadeh R, Rozdar H, Sahebkar A. The Effect of the Teach-Back Method on Knowledge, Performance, Readmission, and Quality of Life in Heart Failure Patients. Cardiol Res Pract. 2020;2020:8897881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8897881.","journal-title":"Cardiology Research and Practice."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5812\/msnj-130535","volume":"11","author":"M Saadatian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saadatian M, Yoosefian N, Saravi FK, Yaghoubinia F. The Effect of the Teach-Back Method on Illness Perception and Self-efficacy in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Med-Surg Nurs J. 2022;11(1):1-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/msnj-130535.","journal-title":"Medical-Surgical Nursing Journal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10678_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2337\/cd20-0010","volume":"39","author":"SB Satehi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Satehi SB, Zandi M, Derakhshan HB, Nasiri M, Tahmasbi T. Investigating and Comparing the Effect of Teach-Back and Multimedia Teaching Methods on Self-Care in Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Clin Diab. 2021;39(2):146-152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/cd20-0010.","journal-title":"Clinical Diabetes."},{"issue":"8","key":"10678_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032931","volume":"102","author":"D Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen D, Huang W, Wei S, Zhu Y, Shi B. The impact of Teach-back method on preoperative anxiety and surgical cooperation in elderly patients undergoing outpatient ophthalmology surgery: A randomized clinical trial. Medicine. 2023;102(8):e32931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000032931.","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR49","first-page":"12","volume":"12","author":"SH Teshnizi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Teshnizi SH, Sadeghpour S, Faghih A. The Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention Based on Teach-back Method with Adherence to Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Health Sci Surveill Syst. 2024;12(1):12-19.","journal-title":"Journal of Health Sciences & Surveillance System."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7658-4","volume":"19","author":"S Tran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tran S, Bennett G, Richmond J, et al. \u2018Teach-back\u2019 is a simple communication tool that improves disease knowledge in people with chronic hepatitis B - a pilot randomized controlled study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7658-4.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"10678_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kilavuz M, Yigit F. The effect of teach-back method training on the prevention behaviors of reproductive age women against sexually transmitted diseases. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):23813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-75357-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75357-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"10678_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.70258","volume":"12","author":"Z Rajabi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rajabi Z, Khatiban M, Falahan SN, Soltanian AR. Teach-Back Communication Versus Pictorial-Based Learning on Self-Care Knowledge and Adherence, Self-Efficacy and Peristomal Skin Healing in Patients After Emergency Surgery Colostomy: A 3-Arm, Randomised, Controlled Trial. Nurs Open. 2025;12(6):e70258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nop2.70258","journal-title":"Nurs Open."},{"key":"10678_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Press VG, Arora VM, Kelly CA, Carey KA, White SR, Wan W. Effectiveness of Virtual vs In-Person Inhaler Education for Hospitalized Patients With Obstructive Lung Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):e1918205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.18205.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.18205"},{"issue":"2","key":"10678_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-21-0068","volume":"185","author":"B Tramunt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tramunt B, Smati S, Coudol S, et al. Sex disparities in COVID-19 outcomes of inpatients with diabetes: insights from the CORONADO study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;185(2):299-311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-21-0068.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"key":"10678_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Toth-Manikowski SM, Caldwell J, Joo M, et al. Sex-related differences in mortality, acute kidney injury, and respiratory failure among critically ill patients with COVID-19. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(50):e28302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000028302.","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000028302"},{"issue":"12","key":"10678_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab123","volume":"73","author":"HK Talbot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Talbot HK, Martin ET, Gaglani M, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Versus Influenza in Hospitalized Adult Patients in the United States: Differences in Demographic and Severity Indicators. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(12):2240-2247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab123.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10678_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2018.0428","volume":"22","author":"BE Tabibian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tabibian BE, Salehani AA, Kuhn EN, Davis MC, Shank CD, Fisher Iii WS. Transitioning the Treatment Paradigm: How Early Palliative Care Service Involvement Affects the End-of-Life Course for Critically Ill Patients in the Neuro-Intensive Care Unit. J Palliat Med. 2019;22(5):489-492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2018.0428.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10678_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278781","volume":"17","author":"JT Swan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swan JT, Rizk E, Jones SL, et al. Hospitalization and survival of solid organ transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019: A propensity matched cohort study. PLoS One. 2022;17(12):e0278781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278781.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"10678_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15690","volume":"67","author":"NM Stall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stall NM, Kim SJ, Hardacre KA, et al. Association of Informal Caregiver Distress with Health Outcomes of Community-Dwelling Dementia Care Recipients: A Systematic Review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(3):609-617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.15690.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"issue":"7","key":"10678_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14091","volume":"26","author":"S Sridhar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sridhar S, Nicholls J. Pathophysiology of infection with SARS-CoV-2-What is known and what remains a mystery. Respirology. 2021;26(7):652-665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/resp.14091.","journal-title":"Respirology."},{"issue":"6","key":"10678_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00012","volume":"38","author":"NR Sperber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sperber NR, Boucher NA, Delgado R, et al. Including Family Caregivers In Seriously Ill Veterans\u2019 Care: A Mixed-Methods Study. Health Aff (Millwood). 2019;38(6):957-963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00012.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2104920","volume":"54","author":"A Sohal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sohal A, Chaudhry H, Dhaliwal A, et al. Gender differences in esophageal variceal bleeding in the United States. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):2115-2122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07853890.2022.2104920.","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10678_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.14144","volume":"34","author":"NJ Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith NJ, Miles B, Cain MT, Joyce LD, Pearson P, Joyce DL. Minimally invasive single-vessel left internal mammary to left anterior descending artery bypass grafting improves outcomes over conventional sternotomy: A single-institution retrospective cohort study. J Card Surg. 2019;34(9):788-795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocs.14144.","journal-title":"J Card Surg."},{"issue":"10","key":"10678_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.08.026","volume":"51","author":"E Skwirczy\u0144ska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skwirczy\u0144ska E, Wr\u00f3blewski O, Serwin N, Fenc A, Ostrowski M. Donors After Circulatory Death: Theme of Present or a Future? The Research in West Poland. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(10):3199-3204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.08.026.","journal-title":"Transplant Proc."},{"key":"10678_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh SRK, Thanikachalam K, Jabbour-Aida H, Poisson LM, Khan G. COVID-19 and Cancer: Lessons Learnt from a Michigan Hotspot. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(9)https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12092377.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092377"},{"issue":"4","key":"10678_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1671942","volume":"41","author":"R Simon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simon R, Snow R, Wakeman S. Understanding why patients with substance use disorders leave the hospital against medical advice: A qualitative study. Subst Abus. 2020;41(4):519-525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2019.1671942.","journal-title":"Subst Abus."},{"issue":"2","key":"10678_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.84.2.191","volume":"84","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191-215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295x.84.2.191.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"10678_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kilavuz M, Yigit F. What do I do to avoid sexually transmitted diseases? A scale development study: behavioral scale for protection from sexually transmitted diseases. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02658-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02658-9"},{"key":"10678_CR69","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. AHRQ Health Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit. MD AHRQ Publication No 23\u20130075. 3rd Edition ed. Rockville, MD2024."},{"key":"10678_CR70","unstructured":"Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Always Use Teach-Back! https:\/\/www.ihi.org\/resources\/tools\/always-use-teach-back. Accessed 5\/26\/2025."},{"key":"10678_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yeh RW, Valsdottir LR, Yeh MW, et al. Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma when jumping from aircraft: randomized controlled trial. BMJ.\u00a02018;363:k5094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k5094.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k5094"},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X14551638","volume":"35","author":"LA Shay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shay LA, Lafata JE. Where is the evidence? A systematic review of shared decision making and patient outcomes. Med Decis Making. 2015;35(1):114-31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272989X14551638.","journal-title":"Med Decis Making."},{"issue":"8","key":"10678_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e732","DOI":"10.1097\/PTS.0000000000000547","volume":"17","author":"M Manojlovich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manojlovich M, Hofer TP, Krein SL. Advancing Patient Safety Through the Clinical Application of a Framework Focused on Communication. J Patient Saf. 2021;17(8):e732-e737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PTS.0000000000000547.","journal-title":"J Patient Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2011.07.027","volume":"87","author":"AM Torke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Torke AM, Petronio S, Sachs GA, Helft PR, Purnell C. A conceptual model of the role of communication in surrogate decision making for hospitalized adults. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;87(1):54-61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2011.07.027.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns."},{"issue":"11","key":"10678_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2017.06.005","volume":"100","author":"LNC Visser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Visser LNC, Tollenaar MS, de Haes H, Smets EMA. The value of physicians\u2019 affect-oriented communication for patients\u2019 recall of information. Patient Educ Couns. 2017;100(11):2116-2120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2017.06.005.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns."},{"key":"10678_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vick JB, Berger BT, Ubel PA, et al. Shared Decision-Making Communication and Prognostic Misunderstanding in the ICU. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(10):e2439715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.39715.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.39715"},{"key":"10678_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashana DC, Cox CE. ICU communication: \u2018state of the art\u2019. Intensive Care Med. 2026;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08364-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-026-08364-y"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10678_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06093-6","volume":"35","author":"LC Esmail","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esmail LC, Barasky R, Mittman BS, Hickam DH. Improving Comparative Effectiveness Research of Complex Health Interventions: Standards from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(Suppl 2):875-881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-020-06093-6.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"7455","key":"10678_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7455.1561","volume":"328","author":"P Hawe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hawe P, Shiell A, Riley T. Complex interventions: how \u201cout of control\u201d can a randomised controlled trial be? BMJ. 2004;328(7455):1561-3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.328.7455.1561.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10678_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613497932","volume":"2","author":"LS Onken","year":"2014","unstructured":"Onken LS, Carroll KM, Shoham V, Cuthbert BN, Riddle M. Reenvisioning Clinical Science: Unifying the Discipline to Improve the Public Health. Clin Psychol Sci. 2014;2(1):22-34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702613497932.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci."},{"key":"10678_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vranceanu AM, Kronish IM, Plys E, Syme M, Yu F, Gaugler JE. The NIH Stage Model for Behavioral Interventions in Aging: Development, Maturation, Impact, and Opportunities for Advancement. Gerontologist. 2025;65(7)https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/gnaf123.","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaf123"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10678_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12612","volume":"93","author":"J Hanham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hanham J, Castro-Alonso JC, Chen O. Integrating cognitive load theory with other theories, within and beyond educational psychology. Br J Educ Psychol. 2023;93 Suppl 2:239-250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjep.12612.","journal-title":"Br J Educ Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10678_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/19.3.119","volume":"19","author":"MV Pusic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pusic MV, Ching K, Yin HS, Kessler D. Seven practical principles for improving patient education: Evidence-based ideas from cognition science. Paediatr Child Health. 2014;19(3):119-22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pch\/19.3.119.","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"10678_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peters DH, Adam T, Alonge O, Agyepong IA, Tran N. Implementation research: what it is and how to do it. BMJ. 2013;347:f6753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f6753.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f6753"},{"issue":"2","key":"10678_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7","volume":"38","author":"E Proctor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Proctor E, Silmere H, Raghavan R, et al. Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011;38(2):65-76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"10678_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-015-9475-6","volume":"44","author":"BJ Powell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Powell BJ, Beidas RS, Lewis CC, et al. Methods to Improve the Selection and Tailoring of Implementation Strategies. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2017;44(2):177-194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11414-015-9475-6.","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res."},{"key":"10678_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith NR, Knocke KE, Hassmiller Lich K. Using decision analysis to support implementation planning in research and practice. Implement Sci Commun. 2022;3(1):83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43058-022-00330-1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-022-00330-1"},{"key":"10678_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00158","volume":"7","author":"ME Fernandez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernandez ME, Ten Hoor GA, van Lieshout S, et al. Implementation Mapping: Using Intervention Mapping to Develop Implementation Strategies. Front Public Health. 2019;7:158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00158.","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"10678_CR89","unstructured":"AHRQ. Guide to Improving Patient Safety in Primary Care Settings by Engaging Patients and Families. Content last reviewed February 2023. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/patient-safety\/reports\/engage\/teachback.html."},{"key":"10678_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112513","volume":"280","author":"SJ Landes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Landes SJ, McBain SA, Curran GM. An introduction to effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs. Psychiatry Res. 2019;280:112513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112513.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10678_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Proctor EK, Bunger AC, Lengnick-Hall R, et al. Ten years of implementation outcomes research: a scoping review. Implement Sci. 2023;18(1):31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-023-01286-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-023-01286-z"},{"key":"10678_CR92","unstructured":"SHEP Questionnaires. Updated 12\/1\/2020. Accessed 5\/1\/2025, 2025. https:\/\/vaww.qps.med.va.gov\/divisions\/api\/pm\/shep\/shepReportsSHEPQuestionnaires.aspx."}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10678-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10678-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10678-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:24:08Z","timestamp":1788452648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10678-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10678-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human Ethics and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors do not have any commercial or financial conflicts of interest. This work does not reflect the opinions or views of the US Government or the Department of Veterans Affairs.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical Trial Number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}