{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:51:46Z","timestamp":1791269506260,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015483","name":"McDonald Agape Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-026-10827-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:45:27Z","timestamp":1791222327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Healer\u2019s Heartache: Reforming Medicine from the Rough Ground"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9815-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"J. Brewer","family":"Eberly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0464-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farr","family":"Curlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6024-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren","family":"Kinghorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1389-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin W.","family":"Frush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0118-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Antiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia S.","family":"Dugdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9151-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Hardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-8223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimbell","family":"Kornu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2997-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6253-353X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Moyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7593-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham M.","family":"Nussbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4731-8735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis","family":"Pickell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3388-3538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan","family":"Stonerook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2875-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett","family":"McCarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"10827_CR1","unstructured":"Whang O. Physician burnout has reached distressing levels, new research finds.\u00a0Published September 29, 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/09\/29\/health\/doctor-burnout-pandemic.html. Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"key":"10827_CR2","unstructured":"Elliott C. The occasional human sacrifice: Medical experimentation and the price of saying no. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company; 2025."},{"key":"10827_CR3","volume-title":"The finest traditions of my calling: One physician\u2019s search for the renewal of medicine","author":"A Nussbaum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nussbaum A. The finest traditions of my calling: One physician\u2019s search for the renewal of medicine. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 2016."},{"key":"10827_CR4","volume-title":"Making the cut: How to heal modern medicine","author":"A Kheriaty","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kheriaty A. Making the cut: How to heal modern medicine. Washington, D.C.: Regnery; 2025."},{"issue":"16","key":"10827_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2302878","volume":"391","author":"C Guille","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guille C, Sen S. Burnout, Depression, and Diminished Well-Being among Physicians. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(16):1519-1527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2302878.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10827_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733020966776","volume":"28","author":"A \u010cartolovni","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u010cartolovni A, Stolt M, Scott PA, Suhonen R. Moral injury in healthcare professionals: A scoping review and discussion. Nurs Ethics. 2021;28(5):590-602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0969733020966776.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics."},{"issue":"2","key":"10827_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181c885be","volume":"85","author":"A Steinecke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Steinecke A, Terrell C. Progress for whose future? The impact of the Flexner Report on medical education for racial and ethnic minority physicians in the United States. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):236-245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181c885be.","journal-title":"Acad Med."},{"key":"10827_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.21995457","volume-title":"The way of medicine: Ethics and the healing profession","author":"F Curlin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Curlin F, Tollefsen C. The way of medicine: Ethics and the healing profession. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press; 2021."},{"issue":"6","key":"10827_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11017-018-9470-z","volume":"39","author":"AM Nussbaum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nussbaum AM. The worthless remains of a physician\u2019s calling: Max Weber, William Osler, and the last virtue of physicians. Theor Med Bioeth. 2018;39(6):419-429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11017-018-9470-z.","journal-title":"Theor Med Bioeth."},{"issue":"2","key":"10827_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/14777509241246161","volume":"19","author":"J Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han J, Frush BW, Malone J. Loneliness in medicine and relational ethics: A phenomenology of the patient-physician relationship. Clin Ethics. 2024;19(2):171-181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14777509241246161.","journal-title":"Clin Ethics."},{"key":"10827_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv20dsb43","volume-title":"The end of burnout: Why work drains us and how to build better lives","author":"J Malesic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malesic J. The end of burnout: Why work drains us and how to build better lives. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"10827_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5334\/pme.1185","volume":"13","author":"EA Valestrand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valestrand EA, Whelan B, Eliassen KER, Schei E. Alienation in the teaching hospital: How physician non-greeting behaviour impacts medical students\u2019 learning and professional identity formation. Perspect Med Educ. 2024;13(1):239-249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/pme.1185.","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10827_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2074","volume":"15","author":"D Lathrop","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lathrop D. Disenfranchised grief and physician burnout. Ann Fam Med. 2017;15(4):375-378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/afm.2074.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10827_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1544","volume":"53","author":"DT Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim DT, Shelton W, Applewhite MK. Clinician moral distress: Toward an ethics of agent-regret. Hastings Cent Rep. 2023;53(6):40-53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.1544.","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10827_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000006091","volume":"100","author":"CP West","year":"2025","unstructured":"West CP. Sacrifice and Self: Understanding the limits to engagement in the learning and practice of medicine. Acad Med. 2025;100(8):875-876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000006091.","journal-title":"Acad Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10827_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2504599","volume":"393","author":"VJ Dzau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dzau VJ, Laitner MH, Balatbat CA, Taylor S. Climate change and human health \u2014 a research agenda for action. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(1):88-92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsb2504599.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10827_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2507924","volume":"393","author":"RJ Blendon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blendon RJ, Benson JM, Le NB. Health and medical research funding in a divided America \u2014 how to increase support. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(10):942-945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2507924.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10827_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.24984","volume":"7","author":"JC Markowitz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Markowitz JC et al. Trust in physicians and hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic in a 50-state survey of US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2424984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.24984.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"8","key":"10827_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2503232","volume":"393","author":"REE Abdulnour","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdulnour REE, Gin B, Boscardin CK. Educational strategies for clinical supervision of artificial intelligence use. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(8):786-797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2503232.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10827_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103824","volume":"213","author":"C Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chen C, Sun Y, Liao M, Sundar SS. When AI disagrees: the effect of second opinion on patients\u2019 trust in doctors. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2026;213:103824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103824.","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud."},{"issue":"7","key":"10827_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.72082","volume":"15","author":"S Kacker","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kacker S et al. Assessing Financial Toxicity in Cancer: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Using an Asset Framework. Cancer Med. 2026;15(7):e72082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.72082.","journal-title":"Cancer medicine."},{"key":"10827_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fornaro M et al. Homelessness and health-related outcomes: an umbrella review of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-022-02423-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02423-z"},{"key":"10827_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pag\u00e1n JA, Balasubramanian L, Pauly MV. Physicians\u2019 career satisfaction, quality of care and patients\u2019 trust: the role of community uninsurance. Health economics, policy, and law. 2007;2(Pt 4):347\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1744133107004239.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744133107004239"},{"key":"10827_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvxrpz54","volume-title":"A secular age","author":"C Taylor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Taylor C. A secular age. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 2007:299-321."},{"issue":"10","key":"10827_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2311042","volume":"390","author":"L Rosenbaum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosenbaum L. Beyond moral injury \u2014 can we reclaim agency, belief, and joy in medicine? N Engl J Med. 2024;390(10):951-955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMms2311042.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10827_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosenbaum L, Holthouser A. Tough love \u2014 NOS Episode 2.3. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(7):e16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2400690.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2400690"},{"key":"10827_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mullan F. A founder of quality assessment encounters a troubled system firsthand. Health Aff (Millwood). 2001;20(1):137\u2013141.","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.20.1.137"},{"issue":"2","key":"10827_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1470","volume":"53","author":"T Tate","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tate T, Clair J. Love your patient as yourself: on reviving the broken heart of American medical ethics. Hastings Cent Rep. 2023;53(2):12-25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.1470.","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"10827_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.06.041","volume":"78","author":"VM Figueredo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Figueredo VM. The ancient heart: what the heart meant to our ancestors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(9):931-940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.06.041.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"10827_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9781421448947","volume-title":"Progress notes: one year in the future of medicine","author":"AM Nussbaum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nussbaum AM. Progress notes: one year in the future of medicine. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2024."},{"key":"10827_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422441","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1422441","volume":"16","author":"TJ Vanderweele","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vanderweele TJ, et al. Moral trauma, moral distress, moral injury, and moral injury disorder: definitions and assessments. Front Psychol. 2025;16:1422441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1422441.","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"10827_CR32","unstructured":"Berry W. Health is membership. In: Another turn of the crank. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint; 1995:86\u2013109."},{"key":"10827_CR33","unstructured":"Wolterstorff N. Lament for a son. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans; 1988."},{"key":"10827_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC. Fidelity to trust. In: Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC, eds. The virtues in medical practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993:65\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780195082890.003.0005.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195082890.003.0005"},{"key":"10827_CR35","unstructured":"Thibon G, quoted by Marcel G. The ego and its relationship to others. In: Craufurd E, Seton P, trans. Homo Viator: Introduction to the metaphysics of hope. South Bend, IN: St Augustine\u2019s; 2010:7\u201322, 22."},{"key":"10827_CR36","unstructured":"Mommsen M, Zimmerman M. Money-free medicine. Plough. January 15, 2019.\u00a0https:\/\/www.plough.com\/en\/topics\/community\/service\/money-free-medicine.\u00a0Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"issue":"8","key":"10827_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005915","volume":"100","author":"A Onadipe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Onadipe A, Curlin F. From detached concern to love: reconsidering physician-patient boundaries. Acad Med. 2025;100(8):891-895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005915.","journal-title":"Acad Med."},{"key":"10827_CR38","volume-title":"Philosophical investigations","author":"L Wittgenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wittgenstein L. Philosophical investigations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2009."},{"issue":"3","key":"10827_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhr014","volume":"36","author":"DS Goldberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goldberg DS. Eschewing definitions of the therapeutic misconception: a family resemblance analysis. J Med Philos. 2011;36(3):296-320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmp\/jhr014.","journal-title":"J Med Philos."},{"key":"10827_CR40","unstructured":"The New England Journal of Medicine. Perspective collections. https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/perspective-collections. Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"key":"10827_CR41","unstructured":"Sacasas LM. The skill of hospitality. In: Snyder A, Black S, eds. Breaking ground: charting our future in a pandemic year. New York, NY: Plough Publishing House; 2022:180\u2013188, 188."},{"key":"10827_CR42","unstructured":"Aristotle. Book VIII: Friendship. In: Nicomachean ethics. 3rd ed. Translated by Ross WD. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company; 2019."},{"key":"10827_CR43","unstructured":"Day D. The long loneliness: the autobiography of the legendary Catholic social activist. New York, NY: HarperOne; 1981:280."},{"key":"10827_CR44","unstructured":"Eberly B. Saving friends: what I\u2019ve learned from insufferable patients. Plough. April 6, 2023. https:\/\/www.plough.com\/en\/topics\/life\/work\/saving-friends-what-ive-learned-from-insufferable-patients.\u00a0Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"issue":"4","key":"10827_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.04110.x","volume":"20","author":"FA Curlin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Curlin FA, Hall DE. Strangers or friends? A proposal for a new spirituality-in-medicine ethic. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(4):370-374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.04110.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10827_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001190","volume":"91","author":"DM Irby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Irby DM, Hamstra SJ. Parting the clouds: three professionalism frameworks in medical education. Acad Med. 2016;91(12):1606-1611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001190.","journal-title":"Acad Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10827_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0274-5","volume":"22","author":"MW Rabow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rabow MW, Wrubel J, Remen RN. Authentic community as an educational strategy for advancing professionalism: a national evaluation of the Healer\u2019s Art course. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(10):1422-1428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-007-0274-5.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10827_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1575","volume":"54","author":"CP Nicholson Jr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nicholson Jr CP, Bodd MH, Sarosi E, Carlough MC, Lysaught MT, Curlin FA. The power of proximity: toward an ethic of accompaniment in surgical care. Hastings Cent Rep. 2024;54(2):12-21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.1575.","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep."},{"key":"10827_CR49","volume-title":"Pathologies of power: health, human rights, and the new war on the poor","author":"P Farmer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Farmer P. Pathologies of power: health, human rights, and the new war on the poor. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 2004."},{"key":"10827_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvxkn7ds","volume-title":"Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed","author":"JC Scott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott JC. Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 2020."},{"key":"10827_CR51","unstructured":"Berry W. The poetry of William Carlos Williams of Rutherford. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint; 2013."},{"key":"10827_CR52","unstructured":"Boyte H. Civic agency and the cult of the expert. Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation; 2009."},{"issue":"4","key":"10827_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.12.024","volume":"137","author":"C Durgin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Durgin C, Moyse AJ, Dugdale LS. The power of Babette\u2019s Feast: medical education over dinner. Am J Med. 2024;137(4):377-378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.12.024.","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"10827_CR54","unstructured":"Moyse AJ. Sweetness and light: a cooperative\u2019s effort in a medical school. Synapsis: A Health Humanities Journal. June 17, 2025.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/medicalhealthhumanities.com\/2025\/06\/17\/sweetness-and-light-a-cooperatives-effort-in-a-medical-school\/.\u00a0Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"10827_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10730-025-09576-3","volume":"39","author":"J Mason","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mason J, Moyse AJ. Neither Salve Nor Solution: Clinical Ethics and the Struggle to Discover the Moral Life of Medicine. HEC Forum. 2026;39(3):349-361.","journal-title":"HEC Forum"},{"key":"10827_CR56","unstructured":"Pickell T. From resume virtues to eulogy virtues: moral formation for baccalaureate healthcare students. Paper presented at: The Conference on Medicine & Religion; 2024; Indianapolis, IN."},{"key":"10827_CR57","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity","author":"C Taylor","year":"1992","unstructured":"Taylor C. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1992:92."},{"issue":"3","key":"10827_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2024.a936219","volume":"67","author":"BW Frush","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frush BW, Collier KM. Moral diversity for medical trainees. Perspect Biol Med. 2024;67(3):424-436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/pbm.2024.a936219.","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med."},{"key":"10827_CR59","unstructured":"Physician\u2019s Vocation Program. Loyola University Chicago.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.luc.edu\/stritch\/bioethics\/medicaleducation\/physiciansvocationprogram\/.\u00a0Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"key":"10827_CR60","unstructured":"Theology, Medicine, and Culture Initiative. Duke Divinity School.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/tmc.divinity.duke.edu\/.\u00a0Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"key":"10827_CR61","unstructured":"Curlin FA, Kinghorn W, McCarty B. The Theology, Medicine, and Culture Initiative at Duke Divinity School. In: Character and Caring: Medical Education Emerges from the Pandemic. Ten16 Press; 2023:351\u2013355."},{"key":"10827_CR62","unstructured":"Stories & videos. Reality Ministries Inc. November 4, 2019.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/realityministriesinc.org\/stories-videos\/.\u00a0Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"10827_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/00243639231189333","volume":"92","author":"TC Howell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Howell TC. Cultivating attention as a surgical resident: Sabbath as resistance. Linacre Q. 2025;92(1):27-31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00243639231189333.","journal-title":"Linacre Q."},{"key":"10827_CR64","unstructured":"Hauerwas S. Abortion, Theologically Understood. In: On Moral Medicine: Theological Perspectives in Medical Ethics. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm B Eerdmans; 2012:945\u2013953, 948."},{"issue":"4","key":"10827_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10912-024-09885-7","volume":"45","author":"M Kissler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kissler M. The rarest and purest form of generosity: Simone Weil\u2019s attention and medical practice. J Med Humanit. 2024;45(4):391-402.","journal-title":"J Med Humanit."},{"key":"10827_CR66","unstructured":"Inside Wake PA Winter 2025: Planting sequoias. Wake Forest School of Medicine Physician Assistant Studies. https:\/\/school.wakehealth.edu\/departments\/pa-studies\/inside-wake-pa\/inside-wake-pa-winter-2025\/planting-sequoias.\u00a0Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"key":"10827_CR67","unstructured":"Dinners with Ethan Stonerook. Wake Forest University Leadership & Character Institute. https:\/\/leadershipandcharacter.wfu.edu\/news\/dinners-with-ethan-stonerook\/.\u00a0Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"key":"10827_CR68","unstructured":"The Good Surgeon. https:\/\/www.thegoodsurgeon.org\/about\/.\u00a0Accessed 6 Oct 2025."},{"key":"10827_CR69","unstructured":"Berry W. Manifesto: The Mad Farmer Liberation Front. The Country of Marriage, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1973."},{"key":"10827_CR70","volume-title":"Appreciative inquiry : a positive revolution in change","author":"DL Cooperrider","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cooperrider DL, Whitney DK. Appreciative inquiry : a positive revolution in change. 1st ed. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler; 2005.","edition":"1"},{"key":"10827_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong AJ, Holmes CM, Henning D. A changing world, again. How Appreciative Inquiry can guide our growth. Soc Sci Humanit Open. 2020;2(1):100038.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2020.100038"},{"key":"10827_CR72","unstructured":"Hauerwas S. How I think I learned to think theologically. In: The Work of Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Pub.; 2015:11\u201331."},{"key":"10827_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.21996025","volume-title":"Vision and Virtue","author":"S Hauerwas","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hauerwas S. Vision and Virtue. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press; 1981."},{"issue":"6","key":"10827_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2307\/3527780","volume":"31","author":"L Zoloth","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zoloth L. Heroic measures: Just bioethics in an unjust world. Hastings Cent Rep. 2001;31(6):34-40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3527780.","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep."},{"key":"10827_CR75","first-page":"357","volume-title":"The Lord of the Rings, 50th","author":"JRR Tolkien","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tolkien JRR. The Lord of the Rings, 50th Anniversary Edition. New York, NY: HarperCollins; 2004:357.","edition":"Anniversary"},{"key":"10827_CR76","unstructured":"Kidder T. Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a Man Who Would Cure the World. New York, NY: Random House; 2009."},{"key":"10827_CR77","unstructured":"Bergoglio JM (Pope Francis). Encyclical letter Dilexit Nos: On the human and divine love of the heart of Jesus Christ.October 24, 2024.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.vatican.va\/content\/francesco\/en\/encyclicals\/documents\/20241024-enciclica-dilexit-nos.html.\u00a0Accessed 6 Oct 2025."}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10827-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10827-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10827-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:03:05Z","timestamp":1791266585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10827-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10827-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Farr Curlin, MD, Warren Kinghorn, MD, ThD, and Brett McCarty, ThD, MDiv lead the Theology, Medicine, and Culture Initiative described in the paper. J. Brewer Eberly Jr., MD, MA and Benjamin W. Frush, MA, MD are alumni of the Theology, Medicine, and Culture Initiative. Ryan M. Antiel, MD, MSME and J. Brewer Eberly Jr., MD, MA lead The Good Surgeon project described in the paper. Lydia S. Dugdale, MD, MAR leads the Columbia Character Cooperative described in the paper. Ashley Moyse PhD led the Columbia Character Cooperative described in the paper. John Hardt, PhD helps lead the Physician\u2019s Vocation Program described in the paper. Travis Pickell, PhD leads the health care and the Integrated Life Program described in the paper. Ethan Stonerook, MS, MPAS, PA-C helps lead the Planting Sequoias project at Wake Forest University. The authors offer an argument developed from conversations that began in a collective of scholarship and practice funded by the McDonald Agape Foundation.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical Trial Number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}