{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:47:21Z","timestamp":1792586841015,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NR020854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NR020854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HL179242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL179242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011076","name":"Ziman Center for Real Estate, University of California, Los Angeles","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for Mental Health and Addiction Policy"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023803","name":"Bloomberg American Health Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA056235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA056235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evictions are associated with numerous health harms, contributing to increased emergency department (ED) use. In 2017, New York City introduced the nation\u2019s first tenant right-to-counsel program, which lowered eviction rates by providing free legal representation to low-income renters facing eviction. Health implications of this policy are uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test whether right-to-counsel decreased all-cause and cause-specific ED visits by low-income and uninsured individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study of all-payer ED utilization data (1\/2016\u20132\/2020) leveraging the staggered implementation of right-to-counsel by ZIP code as a natural experiment. Subgroup analyses assessed heterogeneity by right-to-counsel implementation phase and age group. Secondary analyses examined cause-specific ED visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medicaid-insured and uninsured individuals in New York, NY.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Right-to-counsel implementation status by ZIP-month.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All-cause and cause-specific ED utilization rates per 10,000 Medicaid-insured or uninsured ZIP residents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 8,206,986 ED visits (21% by residents of right-to-counsel ZIP codes) were aggregated to 8550 ZIP-months. While there was no overall association between right-to-counsel implementation and all-cause ED visits (difference-in-differences estimate \u221210.8 [95% CI \u221232.8, 11.2] visits per 10,000), we observed a significant reduction in ED visits in ZIP codes targeted for the earliest intervention phase due to their high eviction risk (\u221226.4 [95% CI \u221252.6, \u22120.2] visits per 10,000) and a marginally significant reduction among children (\u221232.4 [95% CI \u221267.2, 2.4] per 10,000). In cause-specific models, right to counsel was associated with increased mental-health- and substance-use-disorder-related ED visits (2.5 [0.2, 5.8] and 2.7 [0.4, 5.0] per 10,000, respectively), with no significant differences in visits for ambulatory-care-sensitive conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tenant right to counsel was associated with reduced all-cause ED visits among residents of neighborhoods included in the first of three intervention phases and possibly among children, suggesting health improvement in certain populations. Further research is needed to understand increased ED utilization for mental health and substance use following right-to-counsel. Policymakers considering similar eviction-prevention programs may want to consider potential health benefits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-026-10864-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:27:37Z","timestamp":1792585657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tenant Right-to-Counsel and Emergency Department Use in Low-Income and Uninsured Populations"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4122-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig E.","family":"Pollack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iraj","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick J.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alene","family":"Kennedy-Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabriya L.","family":"Linton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Leifheit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"10864_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103182","volume":"86","author":"PD Smith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smith PD, Keene DE, Dilday S, Blankenship KM, Groves AK. Eviction from rental housing and its links to health: A scoping review. Health Place. 2024;86:103182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103182.","journal-title":"Health & Place."},{"issue":"21","key":"10864_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116169119","volume":"119","author":"A Gromis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gromis A, Fellows I, Hendrickson JR, et al. Estimating eviction prevalence across the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022;119(21):e2116169119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2116169119.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10864_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.010","volume":"175","author":"H V\u00e1squez-Vera","year":"2017","unstructured":"V\u00e1squez-Vera H, Pal\u00e8ncia L, Magna I, Mena C, Neira J, Borrell C. The threat of home eviction and its effects on health through the equity lens: A systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2017;175:199-208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.010.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"10864_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjad042","volume":"139","author":"R Collinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Collinson R, Humphries JE, Mader N, Reed D, Tannenbaum D, van Dijk W. Eviction and Poverty in American Cities. Q J Econ. 2023;139(1):57-120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qje\/qjad042.","journal-title":"Q J Econ."},{"key":"10864_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101956","volume":"29","author":"PD Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith PD, Groves AK, Langellier BA, Keene DE, Rosenberg A, Blankenship KM. Eviction, post-traumatic stress, and emergency department use among low-income individuals in New Haven, CT. Prevent Med Rep. 2022;29:101956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101956.","journal-title":"CT. Preventive Medicine Reports."},{"issue":"2","key":"10864_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.07.018","volume":"62","author":"GL Schwartz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schwartz GL, Feldman JM, Wang SS, Glied SA. Eviction, Healthcare Utilization, and Disenrollment Among New York City Medicaid Patients. Am J Prevent Med. 2022;62(2):157-164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.07.018.","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine."},{"issue":"2","key":"10864_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12964","volume":"39","author":"DJ Biederman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biederman DJ, Callejo-Black P, Douglas C, et al. Changes in health and health care utilization following eviction from public housing. Public Health Nurs. 2022;39(2):363-371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phn.12964.","journal-title":"Public Health Nursing."},{"key":"10864_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101981","volume":"29","author":"B Acharya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Acharya B, Bhatta D, Dhakal C. The risk of eviction and the mental health outcomes among the US adults. Prev Med Rep. 2022;29:101981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101981.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep."},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"10864_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2020.1812690","volume":"31","author":"ME Hatch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hatch ME, Yun J. Losing Your Home Is Bad for Your Health: Short- and Medium-Term Health Effects of Eviction on Young Adults. Hous Policy Debate. 2021;31(3-5):469-489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10511482.2020.1812690.","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate."},{"issue":"4","key":"10864_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206419","volume":"70","author":"Y Rojas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rojas Y, Stenberg S\u00c5. Evictions and suicide: a follow-up study of almost 22 000 Swedish households in the wake of the global financial crisis. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2016;70(4):409-413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2015-206419.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"10864_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/sov044","volume":"94","author":"M Desmond","year":"2015","unstructured":"Desmond M, Kimbro RT. Eviction\u2019s Fallout: Housing, Hardship, and Health. Soc Forces. 2015;94(1):295-324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sf\/sov044.","journal-title":"Social Forces."},{"key":"10864_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McNeil R, Fleming T, Collins AB, Czechaczek S, Mayer S, Boyd J. Navigating post-eviction drug use amidst a changing drug supply: A spatially-oriented qualitative study of overlapping housing and overdose crises in Vancouver, Canada. Drug Alcohol Depend. Published online March 18, 2021:108666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108666.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108666"},{"issue":"1","key":"10864_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13256","volume":"55","author":"AC Bradford","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bradford AC, Bradford WD. The effect of evictions on accidental drug and alcohol mortality. Health Serv Res. 2020;55(1):9-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.13256.","journal-title":"Health Services Research."},{"issue":"1","key":"10864_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx187","volume":"41","author":"W Damon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Damon W, McNeil R, Milloy MJ, Nosova E, Kerr T, Hayashi K. Residential eviction predicts initiation of or relapse into crystal methamphetamine use among people who inject drugs: a prospective cohort study. J Public Health (Oxf). 2019;41(1):36-45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx187.","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)."},{"issue":"12","key":"10864_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190139","volume":"12","author":"S Lim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim S, Chan PY, Walters S, Culp G, Huynh M, Gould LH. Impact of residential displacement on healthcare access and mental health among original residents of gentrifying neighborhoods in New York City. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(12):e0190139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0190139.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"issue":"3","key":"10864_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.2990","volume":"6","author":"KL Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen KL, Wisk LE, Nuckols TK, et al. Association of Cost-Driven Residential Moves With Health-Related Outcomes Among California Renters. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e232990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.2990.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open."},{"issue":"2","key":"10864_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000045021.70297.9F","volume":"41","author":"A Oster","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oster A, Bindman AB. Emergency Department Visits for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions: Insights Into Preventable Hospitalizations. Med Care. 2003;41(2):198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.MLR.0000045021.70297.9F.","journal-title":"Medical Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"10864_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.12.1.162","volume":"12","author":"J Billings","year":"1993","unstructured":"Billings J, Zeitel L, Lukomnik J, Carey TS, Blank AE, Newman L. Impact Of Socioeconomic Status On Hospital Use In New York City. Health Aff. 1993;12(1):162-173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.12.1.162.","journal-title":"Health Affairs."},{"issue":"12","key":"10864_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.39585","volume":"4","author":"KM Leifheit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leifheit KM, Pollack CE, Raifman J, et al. Variation in State-Level Eviction Moratorium Protections and Mental Health Among US Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(12):e2139585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.39585.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open."},{"key":"10864_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leifheit KM, Linton SL, Raifman J, et al. Expiring Eviction Moratoriums and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2021;(kwab196). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwab196.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab196"},{"issue":"1","key":"10864_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22521-5","volume":"12","author":"A Nande","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nande A, Sheen J, Walters EL, et al. The effect of eviction moratoria on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-22521-5.","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"10864_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jowers K, Timmins C, Bhavsar N, Hu Q, Marshall J. Housing Precarity & the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impacts of Utility Disconnection and Eviction Moratoria on Infections and Deaths Across US Counties. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w28394.","DOI":"10.3386\/w28394"},{"issue":"11","key":"10864_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00750","volume":"41","author":"AK Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali AK, Wehby GL. State Eviction Moratoriums During The COVID-19 Pandemic Were Associated With Improved Mental Health Among People Who Rent. Health Aff. 2022;41(11):1583-1589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00750.","journal-title":"Health Affairs."},{"key":"10864_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rivera-Aguirre A, D\u00edaz I, Routhier G, et al. The effect of lifting eviction moratoria on fatal drug overdoses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Am J Epidemiol. Published online May 15, 2025:kwaf105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaf105.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaf105"},{"key":"10864_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin H. Making Sense of Eviction Trends during the Pandemic. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland; 2022. https:\/\/www.clevelandfed.org\/publications\/economic-commentary\/2022\/ec-202212-making-sense-of-eviction-trends-during-the-pandemic. Accessed 18 Sept 2025.","DOI":"10.26509\/frbc-ec-202212"},{"key":"10864_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keene DE, Olea-Vargas G, Harper A. Tenant Right to Counsel and Health: Pathways and Possibilities. SSM - Qualitative Research in Health. Published online July 20, 2024:100464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2024.100464.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2024.100464"},{"key":"10864_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lal A. Right To Counsel In Eviction Cases: A Public Health Imperative. Health Aff Forefront. Published online May 17, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/forefront.20240514.686706.","DOI":"10.1377\/forefront.20240514.686706"},{"issue":"3","key":"10864_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2025.2467136","volume":"35","author":"EA Benfer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Benfer EA, Hepburn P, Nazarro V, Robinson L, Michener J, Keene DE. A Descriptive Analysis of Tenant Right to Counsel Law and Praxis 2017\u20132024. Housing Policy Debate. 2025;35(3):470-495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10511482.2025.2467136.","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate."},{"key":"10864_CR29","unstructured":"National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel. Evicton representaton statistics for landlords and tenants absent special interventon. Published online August 2025. https:\/\/civilrighttocounsel.org\/uploaded_files\/280\/Landlord_and_tenant_eviction_rep_stats__NCCRC_.pdf. Accessed 18 Sept 2025."},{"key":"10864_CR30","unstructured":"Sudeall L, Raymond EL, Garboden PME. Disaster Discordance: Local Court Implementation of State and Federal Eviction Prevention Policies During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Georgetown J Poverty Law Policy. 2023;(3). https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/poverty-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2023\/07\/Disaster-Discordance.pdf."},{"key":"10864_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen E. Building a House for Gideon: The Right to Counsel in Evictions. Stan J CR & CL. 2020;16(1):63\u2013112. https:\/\/heinonline.org\/HOL\/P?h=hein.journals\/stjcrcl16&i=79. Accessed 18 Sept 2025.","DOI":"10.26452\/ijrps.v16i1.4734"},{"key":"10864_CR32","unstructured":"Salant C, Internicola S, DiSalvo R. The Expansion of New York City\u2019s Right to Counsel Program. New York City Independent Budget Office; 2025. https:\/\/www.ibo.nyc.gov\/assets\/ibo\/downloads\/pdf\/community-and-social-services\/2025\/2025-september-the-expansion-of-nyc-right-to-counsel-program.pdf."},{"key":"10864_CR33","unstructured":"New York City Human Resources Administration. Legal Services for Tenants Facing Eviction \u2013 NYC\u2019s Right-to-Counsel Law. 2025. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/site\/hra\/help\/legal-services-for-tenants.page. Accessed 1 Apr 2026."},{"key":"10864_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2023.104844","volume":"222","author":"M Cassidy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cassidy M, Currie J. The effects of legal representation on tenant outcomes in housing court: Evidence from New York City\u2019s Universal Access program. J Public Econ. 2023;222:104844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2023.104844.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics."},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"10864_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2020.1825009","volume":"31","author":"IG Ellen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ellen IG, O\u2019Regan K, House S, Brenner R. Do Lawyers Matter? Early Evidence on Eviction Patterns After the Rollout of Universal Access to Counsel in New York City. Housing Policy Debate. 2021;31(3-5):540-561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10511482.2020.1825009.","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate."},{"key":"10864_CR36","unstructured":"NYC Office of Civil Justice. Universal Access to Legal Services: A Report on Year Three of Implementation in New York City. New York City Human Resources Administration; 2020. https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/assets\/hra\/downloads\/pdf\/services\/civiljustice\/OCJ_UA_Annual_Report_2020.pdf. Accessed 26 Apr 2021."},{"issue":"12","key":"10864_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.4699","volume":"178","author":"KM Leifheit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leifheit KM, Chen KL, Anderson NW, et al. Tenant Right-to-Counsel and Adverse Birth Outcomes in New York, New York. JAMA Pediatr. 2024;178(12):1337-1344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.4699.","journal-title":"New York. JAMA Pediatrics."},{"key":"10864_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20251006","volume":"115","author":"M Cassidy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cassidy M, Currie J, Glied S, Howland RE. Universal Access to Counsel, Housing Court Filings, and Child Mental Health: Evidence from New York City. AEA Papers Proc. 2025;115:96-102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pandp.20251006.","journal-title":"AEA Papers and Proceedings."},{"key":"10864_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118134","volume":"377","author":"W von Geldern","year":"2025","unstructured":"von Geldern W. Evictions, legal counsel, and population health: A mixed methods study. Soc Sci Med. 2025;377:118134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118134.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine."},{"issue":"41","key":"10864_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2305860120","volume":"120","author":"N Graetz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graetz N, Gershenson C, Hepburn P, Porter SR, Sandler DH, Desmond M. A comprehensive demographic profile of the US evicted population. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2023;120(41):e2305860120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2305860120.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"10864_CR41","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Introduction to the HCUP State Emergency Deparment Databases (SEDD). June 15, 2022. https:\/\/hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/db\/state\/sedddist\/SEDD_Introduction.jsp#overview. Accessed 2 Apr 2026."},{"key":"10864_CR42","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Prevention Quality Indicator in Emergency Department Settings 03 (PQE 03) Visits for Acute Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions. 2024. https:\/\/qualityindicators.ahrq.gov\/Downloads\/Modules\/PQE\/V2024\/TechSpecs\/PQE_03_Visits_for_Acute_Conditions.pdf. Accessed 9 Sept 2025."},{"key":"10864_CR43","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Prevention Quality Indicator in Emergency Department Settings 02 (PQE 02) Visits for Chronic Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions. 2024. https:\/\/qualityindicators.ahrq.gov\/Downloads\/Modules\/PQE\/V2024\/TechSpecs\/PQE_02_Visits_for_Chronic_Conditions.pdf. Accessed 9 Sept 2025."},{"key":"10864_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Callaway B, Sant\u2019Anna PHC. Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods. J Econ. 2021;225(2):200\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001"},{"issue":"9","key":"10864_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181169","volume":"110","author":"C De Chaisemartin","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Chaisemartin C, D\u2019Haultf\u0153uille X. Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects. Am Econ Rev. 2020;110(9):2964-2996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.20181169.","journal-title":"American Economic Review."},{"key":"10864_CR46","unstructured":"Roth J. Interpreting Event-Studies from Recent Difference-in-Differences Methods. (working paper). Published online 2024. https:\/\/www.jonathandroth.com\/assets\/files\/HetEventStudies.pdf."},{"issue":"12","key":"10864_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190159","volume":"111","author":"D Arkhangelsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arkhangelsky D, Athey S, Hirshberg DA, Imbens GW, Wager S. Synthetic Difference-in-Differences. Am Econ Rev. 2021;111(12):4088-4118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.20190159.","journal-title":"American Economic Review."},{"issue":"4","key":"10864_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X241297914","volume":"24","author":"D Clarke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Clarke D, Paila\u00f1ir D, Athey S, Imbens G. On synthetic difference-in-differences and related estimation methods in Stata. Stata J. 2024;24(4):557-598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1536867X241297914.","journal-title":"The Stata Journal."},{"issue":"11","key":"10864_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.39860","volume":"5","author":"KL Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen KL, Miake-Lye IM, Begashaw MM, et al. Association of Promoting Housing Affordability and Stability With Improved Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(11):e2239860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.39860.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open."},{"key":"10864_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ohaiba MM, Anamazobi EG, Okobi OE, Aguda K, Chukwu VU. Trends and Patterns in Emergency Department Visits: A Comprehensive Analysis of Adult Data From the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Database. Cureus. 16(8):e66059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.66059.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.66059"},{"issue":"21","key":"10864_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.17432","volume":"322","author":"CE Pollack","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pollack CE, Blackford AL, Du S, Deluca S, Thornton RLJ, Herring B. Association of Receipt of a Housing Voucher With Subsequent Hospital Utilization and Spending. JAMA. 2019;322(21):2115-2124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.17432.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"10864_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100575","volume":"11","author":"KM Leifheit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leifheit KM, Schwartz GL, Pollack CE, et al. Eviction in early childhood and neighborhood poverty, food security, and obesity in later childhood and adolescence: Evidence from a longitudinal birth cohort. SSM - Population Health. 2020;11:100575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100575.","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health."},{"key":"10864_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearlin LI, Schieman S, Fazio EM, Meersman SC. Stress, Health, and the Life Course: Some Conceptual Perspectives. J Health Soc Behav. 2005;46(2):205\u2013219. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/201664286\/abstract\/732ACA98D1394227PQ\/1. Accessed 19 Sept 2025.","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600206"},{"issue":"4","key":"10864_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00018-5","volume":"9","author":"C Wagner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wagner C, Carmeli C, Jackisch J, et al. Life course epidemiology and public health. Lancet Public Health. 2024;9(4):e261-e269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00018-5.","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"10864_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000129","volume":"45","author":"S Clement","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clement S, Schauman O, Graham T, et al. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychol Med. 2015;45(1):11-27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291714000129.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine."},{"key":"10864_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-113","volume":"10","author":"A Gulliver","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gulliver A, Griffiths KM, Christensen H. Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatr. 2010;10:113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-10-113.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"10864_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vaeth PAC, Wang-Schweig M, Caetano R. Drinking, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Treatment Access and Utilization Among U.S. Racial\/Ethnic Groups. Alcoholism: Clin Experiment Res. 2017;41(1):6\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.13285.","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13285"},{"key":"10864_CR58","unstructured":"Jaureguilorda I, Laurel F, Lopez R, Rotter M. Eviction Prevention and Mental Health: A New Paradigm for Civil Justice Reform. Center for Court Innovation; 2021. https:\/\/www.innovatingjustice.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Guide_CCI_EvictionPrevention_MentalHealth_01242022.pdf."},{"key":"10864_CR59","unstructured":"Eviction Innovation. Court Initiatives on Eviction Prevention. Stanford University Legal Design Lab. 2025. https:\/\/evictioninnovation.org\/innovations\/courts\/. Accessed 1 Oct 2025."},{"issue":"6","key":"10864_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-023-00799-8","volume":"100","author":"DE Keene","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keene DE, Blankenship KM. The Affordable Rental Housing Crisis and Population Health Equity: a Multidimensional and Multilevel Framework. J Urban Health. 2023;100(6):1212-1223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-023-00799-8.","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"10864_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2023.2247157","volume":"39","author":"K Kuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuang K, Wang N. Predictors and Outcomes of Help-Seeking Behaviors: A Longitudinal Investigation in Mental Illness. Health Commun. 2024;39(9):1906-1917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10410236.2023.2247157.","journal-title":"Health Communication."},{"issue":"3","key":"10864_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20345","volume":"63","author":"DL Vogel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vogel DL, Wade NG, Wester SR, Larson L, Hackler AH. Seeking help from a mental health professional: The influence of one\u2019s social network. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(3):233-245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.20345.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology."},{"issue":"12","key":"10864_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.07.032","volume":"36","author":"RM Kadden","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kadden RM, Litt MD. The role of self-efficacy in the treatment of substance use disorders. Addict Behav. 2011;36(12):1120-1126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.07.032.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors."},{"issue":"4","key":"10864_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.965870","volume":"36","author":"E Stevens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stevens E, Jason LA, Ram D, Light J. Investigating Social Support and Network Relationships in Substance use Disorder Recovery. Substance Abuse. 2015;36(4):396-399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2014.965870.","journal-title":"Substance Abuse."},{"issue":"3","key":"10864_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15233","volume":"116","author":"D Furr-Holden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furr-Holden D, Milam AJ, Wang L, Sadler R. African Americans now outpace whites in opioid-involved overdose deaths: a comparison of temporal trends from 1999 to 2018. Addiction. 2021;116(3):677-683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15233.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"4","key":"10864_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.2728","volume":"8","author":"K Cadet","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cadet K, Smith BD, Martins SS. Intersectional Racial and Sex Disparities in Unintentional Overdose Mortality. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(4):e252728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.2728.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"9","key":"10864_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00119-0","volume":"10","author":"JB Gibbons","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gibbons JB, Harris SJ, Solomon KT, Sugarman O, Hardy C, Saloner B. Increasing overdose deaths among Black Americans: a review of the literature. Lancet Psychiatr. 2023;10(9):719-726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00119-0.","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"10864_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nolen S, Trinidad AJ, Jordan AE, et al. Racial\/Ethnic differences in receipt of naloxone distributed by opioid overdose prevention programs in New York City. Res Sq. Published online May 17, 2023:rs.3.rs-2934002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2934002\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2934002\/v1"},{"key":"10864_CR69","unstructured":"Been V, Rand D, Summers N, Yager J. Implementing New York City\u2019s Universal Access to Counsel Program: Lessons for Other Jurisdictions. NYU Furman Center; 2018."},{"key":"10864_CR70","unstructured":"Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. State of New York City\u2019s Housing and Neighborhoods 2019. New York University; 2020. https:\/\/furmancenter.org\/stateofthecity\/view\/eviction-filings. Accessed 4 Jun 2021."},{"key":"10864_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116496","volume":"340","author":"GL Schwartz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schwartz GL, Leifheit KM, Arcaya MC, Keene D. Eviction as a community health exposure. Soc Sci Med. 2024;340:116496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116496.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"10864_CR72","unstructured":"National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel. The Right to Counsel for Tenants Facing Eviction: Enacted Legislation. Published online March 2026. https:\/\/civilrighttocounsel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/RTC_Enacted_Legislation_in_Eviction_Proceedings_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 2 Apr 2026."},{"key":"10864_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cairns C, Kang K. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2022 Emergency Department Summary Tables. National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhamcs\/web_tables\/2022-nhamcs-ed-web-tables.pdf.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:115748"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10864-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10864-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10864-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:27:42Z","timestamp":1792585662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10864-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10864-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Dr. Chen served as a consultant to the California Health Interview Survey outside of the submitted work. Dr. Pollack reports stock ownership of Gilead Pharmaceuticals and board membership of the non-profit American Association of Service Coordinators; he also reports funding from the National Institutes of Health, Enterprise Community Partners, and Johns Hopkins. Dr. Kennedy-Hendricks reports funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health. Dr. Linton reports funding from the National Institutes of Health, Center for Mental Health and Addiction Policy, and Bloomberg American Health Initiative. Dr. Eisenberg reports funding from the National Institutes of Health and Commonwealth Fund. Dr. Leifheit reports funding from the National Institutes of Health and received an honorarium from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation\u2019s County Health Rankings & Roadmaps Program to review \u201cLegal supports for tenants in eviction proceedings\u201d as a strategy for the organization\u2019s \u201cWhat Works for Health\u201d initiative.\u00a0Dr. Leifheit is an unpaid participant in the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel (NCCRC).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}