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Pharmacists may provide medication expertise to primary care addiction teams.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether implementing a pharmacist-integrated model of care for opioid use disorder (PrIMO) was feasible and acceptable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nonrandomized mixed-methods longitudinal feasibility\/implementation trial conducted from March 2022 to October 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four primary care sites with retail pharmacies and clinical pharmacists. Participants were adults employed by the clinics and adult patients receiving medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) exposed to PrIMO for at least 2 weeks. Site staff (provider, pharmacists, leadership) were surveyed for 15\u00a0months (80.6% follow-up completion) and patients for 6\u00a0months (75.5% follow-up completion).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacist-integrated MOUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary: Feasibility (PrIMO launch). Secondary: acceptability (survey and interview data) and impact (electronic health record data).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All sites launched PrIMO (100%) and maintained it for at least 1 year. From 3 months pre- to 1 year post-launch, site staff reported fewer barriers to providing MOUD (\n                      <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                      [SD] 2.2 [0.8] to 1.8 [0.5], 1\u20134-point scale), increased knowledge of MOUD (3.8 [0.4] to 4.0 [0.5], 1\u20135-point scale), and steady acceptability by providers\/pharmacists (2.1 [0.3] to 2.0 [0.4], 0\u20133-point scale) and leadership (2.1 [0.3] to 2.0 [0.4], 0\u20133-point scale). Patients reported less stigma (3.1 [1.1] to 2.8 [1.1], 1\u20135-point scale) and steady acceptability (2.2 [0.4] to 2.2 [0.4], 0\u20133-point scale). Electronic health records data demonstrated increases in the rate of patients retained in MOUD (\n                      <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                      [SD] 59.5 [34.81] to 60.2 [35.35] proportion of days covered), adherence to MOUD (38.6 to 40.9%), clinic visits for MOUD (+\u2009100 encounters), and total patients treated per prescriber (\n                      <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                      [SD] 12.9 [32.49] to 13.7 [35.07]) 1 year pre- vs 1 year post-launch, although statistical significance was not assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrating pharmacists into MOUD care teams may improve feasibility and acceptability of MOUD in primary care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05310786, March 14, 2022<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-026-10924-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:37:40Z","timestamp":1792042660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility of Implementing a Pharmacist-Integrated Collaborative Model for Opioid Use Disorder: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Felicity","family":"Homsted","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Fiellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udi E.","family":"Ghitza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Vernon T.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5382-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany","family":"McLeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Joudrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Cochran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Saldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Chongsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Vena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Ottesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacklyn","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse S.","family":"Boggis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepika","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie P.","family":"Osterhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura-Mae","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Marsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"10924_CR1","unstructured":"Administration SAaMHS. 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The views and opinions expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors only and do not necessarily represent the views, official policy or position of the US Department of Health and Human Services or any of its affiliated institutions or agencies. Dr. Ghitza was substantially involved in UG1DA040309 consistent with his role as NIDA Scientific Officer.\u00a0The Stages of Implementation Completion\u00ae (SIC) is trademarked and copyrighted by the Oregon Social Learning Center. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Oregon Social Learning Center. None of the authors receive royalties from use of the SIC.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}