{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:39:36Z","timestamp":1792600776235,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HL139426-06A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL139426-06A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HL145320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL145320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHLBI & Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","award":["1UH2\/UH3HL130688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UH2\/UH3HL130688"]}]},{"name":"Robert E. Meyerhoff"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J GEN INTERN MED"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-026-10951-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:48:50Z","timestamp":1792597730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of a Multilevel Intervention on Racial Disparities in Medication Adherence: An Analysis of the Rich Life Project"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9555-9899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aster","family":"Meche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemalkumar B.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Caleb","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10951_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01826-x","volume":"25","author":"AA Abrahamowicz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abrahamowicz AA, Ebinger J, Whelton SP, Commodore-Mensah Y, Yang E. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension: Barriers and Opportunities to Improve Blood Pressure Control. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023;25(1):17\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-022-01826-x.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep."},{"key":"10951_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hardy ST, Chen L, Cherrington AL, Moise N, Jaeger BC, Foti K, Sakhuja S, Wozniak G, Abdalla M, Muntner P. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Blood Pressure Among US Adults, 1999\u20132018. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex.: 1979). 2021;78(6):1730\u20131741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18086.","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18086"},{"key":"10951_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aggarwal R, Chiu N, Wadhera RK, et al. Racial\/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in the United States, 2013 to 2018. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2021;78(6):1719\u20131726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17570.","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17570"},{"key":"10951_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bosworth HB, Dudley T, Olsen MK, Voils CI, Powers B, Goldstein MK, Oddone EZ. Racial differences in blood pressure control: potential explanatory factors. Am J Med. 2006;119(1), 70.e9\u201370.e7.0E15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.08.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.08.019"},{"key":"10951_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hyre AD, Krousel-Wood MA, Muntner P, Kawasaki L, DeSalvo KB. Prevalence and predictors of poor antihypertensive medication adherence in an urban health clinic setting. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, Conn.). 2007;9(3):179\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2007.06372.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2007.06372.x"},{"key":"10951_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tong X, Chu EK, Fang J, Wall HK, Ayala C. Nonadherence to Antihypertensive Medication Among Hypertensive Adults in the United States\u2500HealthStyles, 2010.\u00a0J Clin Hyperten (Greenwich, Conn.). 2016;18(9):892\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.12786.","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12786"},{"issue":"5","key":"10951_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.02.011","volume":"165","author":"J Lewey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lewey J, Shrank WH, Bowry AD, Kilabuk E, Brennan TA, Choudhry NK. Gender and racial disparities in adherence to statin therapy: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2013;165(5):665\u2013678.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.02.011.","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"10951_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Adherence to Long-Term Therapies: Evidence for Action. World Health Organization, 2003. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/42682."},{"key":"10951_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S371162","volume":"16","author":"R Desta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Desta, R., Blumrosen, C., Laferriere, H. E., Saluja, A., Bruce, M. A., Elasy, T. A., Griffith, D. M., Norris, K. C., Cavanaugh, K. L., & Umeukeje, E.M. Interventions Incorporating Therapeutic Alliance to Improve Medication Adherence in Black Patients with Diabetes, Hypertension and Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review.\u00a0Patient Prefer Adher. 2022;16:3095\u20133110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S371162.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adher."},{"issue":"6","key":"10951_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu233","volume":"28","author":"M Mueller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mueller M, Purnell TS, Mensah GA, Cooper LA. Reducing racial and ethnic disparities in hypertension prevention and control: what will it take to translate research into practice and policy?. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(6):699\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpu233.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens."},{"issue":"2","key":"10951_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2022.0270","volume":"26","author":"M Butzner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Butzner M, Oyekanmi C, McDuffie MJ, Nescott E, McCullers A, Woldeamanuel E, Lynn E, Cuffee Y. Impact of Health Literacy on Medication Adherence Among Black Medicaid Beneficiaries with Hypertension in Delaware: A Cross-Sectional Study. Popul Health Manag. 2023;26(2):93-99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pop.2022.0270.","journal-title":"Popul Health Manag."},{"issue":"7","key":"10951_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-016-0662-5","volume":"18","author":"L Buckley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buckley L, Labonville S, Barr J. A Systematic Review of Beliefs About Hypertension and its Treatment Among African Americans. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016;18(7):52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-016-0662-5.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep."},{"issue":"14","key":"10951_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019943","volume":"10","author":"TJ Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang TJ, Bridges JFP, Bynum M, Jackson JW, Joseph JJ, Fischer MA, Lu B, Donneyong MM. Association Between Patient-Clinician Relationships and Adherence to Antihypertensive Medications Among Black Adults: An Observational Study Design. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(14):e019943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.019943.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10951_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.2606","volume":"2","author":"DM Qato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qato DM, Alexander GC, Chakraborty A, Guadamuz JS, Jackson JW. Association Between Pharmacy Closures and Adherence to Cardiovascular Medications Among Older US Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(4):e192606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.2606.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"18","key":"10951_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6684","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186684","volume":"17","author":"MM Donneyong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Donneyong MM, Chang TJ, Jackson JW, Langston MA, Juarez PD, Sealy-Jefferson S, Lu B, Im W, Valdez RB, Way BM, Colen C, Fischer MA, Salsberry P, Bridges JFP, Hood DB. Structural and Social Determinants of Health Factors Associated with County-Level Variation in Non-Adherence to Antihypertensive Medication Treatment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17186684.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"10951_CR16","unstructured":"Artiga S, Hinton E. Beyond health care: The Role of Social Determinants in Promotion Health and Health Equity. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2018. Last accessed November 24, 2020 from https:\/\/www.kff.org\/racial-equity-and-health-policy\/issue-brief\/beyond-health-care-the-role-of-social-determinants-in-promoting-health-and-health-equity\/."},{"issue":"10","key":"10951_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13089","volume":"19","author":"KC Ferdinand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferdinand KC, Yadav K, Nasser SA, Clayton-Jeter HD, Lewin J, Cryer DR, Senatore FF. Disparities in hypertension and cardiovascular disease in blacks: The critical role of medication adherence. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2017;19(10):1015-1024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.13089.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)."},{"key":"10951_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E179","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.160236","volume":"13","author":"CG Allen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Allen CG, Brownstein JN, Satsangi A, Escoffery C. Community Health Workers as Allies in Hypertension Self-Management and Medication Adherence in the United States, 2014. Prevent Chron Dis. 2016;13:E179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5888\/pcd13.160236.","journal-title":"Prevent Chron Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10951_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1794-6","volume":"26","author":"LA Cooper","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cooper LA, Roter DL, Carson KA, et al. A randomized trial to improve patient-centered care and hypertension control in underserved primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(11):1297\u20131304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-011-1794-6.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10951_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2015.08.026","volume":"99","author":"BR Fletcher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fletcher BR, Hinton L, Hartmann-Boyce J, Roberts NW, Bobrovitz N, McManus RJ. Self-monitoring blood pressure in hypertension, patient and provider perspectives: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(2):210\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2015.08.026.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns."},{"key":"10951_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cen\u00e9 CW, Halladay JR, Gizlice Z, Donahue KE, Cummings DM, Hinderliter A, Miller C, Johnson LF, Garcia B, Tillman J, Little EP, Rachide MR, Keyserling TC, Ammerman A, Zhou H, Wu JR, DeWalt D. A multicomponent quality improvement intervention to improve blood pressure and reduce racial disparities in rural primary care practices.\u00a0J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, Conn.). 2017;19(4):351\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.12944.","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12944"},{"key":"10951_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieuwlaat R, Wilczynski N, Navarro T, Hobson N, Jeffery R, Keepanasseril A, Agoritsas T, Mistry N, Iorio A, Jack S, Sivaramalingam B, Iserman E, Mustafa RA, Jedraszewski D, Cotoi C, Haynes RB. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(11):CD000011.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000011.pub4"},{"key":"10951_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01115-4","volume":"22","author":"C Izeogu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Izeogu, C., Kalinowski, J. Schoenthaler, A. Strategies to Improve Adherence to Anti-Hypertensive Medications: a Narrative Review.\u00a0Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22:105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-020-01115-4.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep."},{"key":"10951_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cooper LA, Marsteller JA, Carson KA, Dietz KB, Boonyasai RT, Alvarez C, Ibe CA, Crews DC, Yeh HC, Miller ER III, et al. RICH LIFE Project Investigators. The RICH LIFE Project: a cluster randomized pragmatic trial comparing the effectiveness of health system only vs. health system plus a collaborative\/stepped care intervention to reduce hypertension disparities. Am Heart J. 2020;226:94\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.05.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.05.001"},{"key":"10951_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cooper LA, Marsteller JA, Carson KA, Dietz KB, Boonyasai RT, Alvarez C, Crews DC, Dennison Himmelfarb CR, Ibe CA, Lubomski L, Miller ER 3rd, Wang NY, Avornu GD, Brown D, Hickman D, Simmons M, Apfel Stein A, Yeh HC., & RICH LIFE Project Investigators. Equitable Care for Hypertension: Blood Pressure and Patient-Reported Outcomes of the RICH LIFE Cluster Randomized Trial.\u00a0Circulation. 2024;150(3):230\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069622.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069622"},{"key":"10951_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choudhry NK, Kronish IM, Vongpatanasin W, Ferdinand KC, Pavlik VN, Egan BM, Schoenthaler A, Houston Miller N, Hyman DJ., & American Heart Association Council on Hypertension; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Clinical Cardiology. Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.\u00a0Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979). 2022;79(1):e1\u2013e14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000203.","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000203"},{"issue":"10077","key":"10951_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)30569-x","volume":"389","author":"ZD Bailey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Ag\u00e9nor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet. 2017;389(10077):1453\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)30569-x.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10951_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198601000-00007","volume":"24","author":"DE Morisky","year":"1986","unstructured":"Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care. 1986;24(1):67-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005650-198601000-00007.","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"10951_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-009-9496-9","volume":"18","author":"RD Hays","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hays RD, Bjorner JB, Revicki DA, Spritzer KL, Cella D. Development of physical and mental health summary scores from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) global items. Qual Life Res. 2009;18:873\u2013880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-009-9496-9.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10951_CR30","first-page":"588","volume":"36","author":"LD Chew","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chew LD, Bradley KA, Boyko EJ. Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy. Fam Med. 2004;36(8):588-594.","journal-title":"Fam Med."},{"key":"10951_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.30353.x","volume":"20","author":"SA Oliveria","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oliveria SA, Chen RS, McCarthy BD, Davis CC, Hill MN. Hypertension knowledge, awareness, and attitudes in a hyper- tensive population. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:219\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.30353.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"10951_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2005.00438.x","volume":"40","author":"JH Hibbard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hibbard JH, Mahoney ER, Stockard J, Tusler M. Development and testing of a short form of the patient activation measure. Health Serv Res. 2005;40:1918\u20131930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2005.00438.x.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10951_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","volume":"24","author":"S Cohen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2136404.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10951_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X11000087","volume":"8","author":"MJ Sternthal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sternthal MJ, Slopen N, Williams DR. Racial disparities in health: how much does stress really matter? Du Bois Rev. 2011;8(1):95-113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1742058X11000087.","journal-title":"Du Bois Rev."},{"key":"10951_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hahn EA, Devellis RF, Bode RK, et al. PROMIS Cooperative Group. Measuring social health in the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS): item bank development and testing. Qual Life Res. 2010;19(7):1035\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-010-9654-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9654-0"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10951_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-024-01677-8","volume":"25","author":"JW Jackson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jackson JW, Hsu YJ, Zalla LC, Carson KA, Marsteller JA, Cooper LA, Investigators TRLP. Evaluating Effects of Multilevel Interventions on Disparity in Health and Healthcare Decisions. Prevent Sci: Off J Soc Prevent Res. 2024;25(Suppl 3):407\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01677-8.","journal-title":"Prevent Sci: Off J Soc Prevent Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10951_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ba333c","volume":"20","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2009","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ. On the distinction between interaction and effect modification. Epidemiology. 2009;20(6):863-71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ba333c. Erratum in: Epidemiology. 2010 Jan;21(1):162. Erratum in: Epidemiology. 2011 Sep;22(5):752.","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"10951_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020363010465","volume":"2","author":"DB Rubin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rubin DB. Using propensity scores to help design observational studies: application to the tobacco litigation. Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol. 2001;2:169\u2013188.","journal-title":"Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol."},{"key":"10951_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuart EA, Lee BK, Leacy FP. Prognostic score-based balance measures can be a useful diagnostic for propensity score methods in comparative effectiveness research. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(8 Suppl):S84\u2013S90.e1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.01.013"},{"key":"10951_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.08.028","volume":"144","author":"MA Hern\u00e1n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n M. A. Causal analyses of existing databases: no power calculations required. J Clin Epidemiol. 2022;144:203\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.08.028.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10951_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000876","volume":"29","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Planning study size based on precision rather than power. Epidemiology. 2018;29(5):599-603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000876","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"10951_CR42","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. 2018. SAS\/STAT\u00ae 15.1 User\u2019s Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc."},{"key":"10951_CR43","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. [Software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2024."},{"key":"10951_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu W, Goldberg SI, Shubina M, Turchin A. Optimal systolic blood pressure target, time to intensification, and time to follow-up in treatment of hypertension: population based retrospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2015;350:h158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h158.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h158"},{"issue":"2","key":"10951_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.4996","volume":"7","author":"V Fontil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fontil V, Pacca L, Bellows BK, Khoong E, McCulloch CE, Pletcher M, Bibbins-Domingo K. Association of Differences in Treatment Intensification, Missed Visits, and Scheduled Follow-up Interval With Racial or Ethnic Disparities in Blood Pressure Control. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7(2):204\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.4996.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10951_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy167","volume":"48","author":"F Diderichsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diderichsen F, Hallqvist J, Whitehead M. Differential vulnerability and susceptibility: how to make use of recent development in our understanding of mediation and interaction to tackle health inequalities. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(1):268\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyy167.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10951_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1424-8","volume":"25","author":"AH Traylor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Traylor AH, Schmittdiel JA, Uratsu CS, Mangione CM, Subramanian U. Adherence to cardiovascular disease medications: does patient-provider race\/ethnicity and language concordance matter?.\u00a0J Gen Int Med. 2010;25(11):1172\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-010-1424-8.","journal-title":"J Gen Int Med."},{"issue":"20","key":"10951_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006650","volume":"129","author":"G Ogedegbe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ogedegbe G, Tobin JN, Fernandez S, Cassells A, Diaz-Gloster M, Khalida C, Pickering T, Schwartz JE. Counseling African Americans to Control Hypertension: cluster-randomized clinical trial main effects. Circulation. 2014;129(20):2044\u20132051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006650.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10951_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu JR, Cummings DM, Li Q, Hinderliter A, Bosworth HB, Tillman J, DeWalt D. The effect of a practice-based multicomponent intervention that includes health coaching on medication adherence and blood pressure control in rural primary care. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, Conn.). 2018;20(4):757\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.13265.","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13265"},{"key":"10951_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boulware LE, Ephraim PL, Hill-Briggs F, Roter DL, Bone LR, Wolff JL, Lewis-Boyer L, Levine DM, Greer RC, Crews DC, Gudzune KA, Albert MC, Ramamurthi HC, Ameling JM, Davenport CA, Lee HJ, Pendergast JF, Wang NY, Carson KA, Sneed V, \u2026, Cooper LA. Hypertension Self-management in Socially Disadvantaged African Americans: the Achieving Blood Pressure Control Together (ACT) Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Trial. J Gen Int Med. 2020;35(1):142\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-019-05396-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05396-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"10951_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1331\/JAPhA.2013.12246","volume":"53","author":"BL Svarstad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Svarstad BL, Kotchen JM, Shireman TI, Brown RL, Crawford SY, Mount JK, Palmer PA, Vivian EM, Wilson DA. Improving refill adherence and hypertension control in black patients: Wisconsin TEAM trial. J Am Pharm Assoc: JAPhA. 2013;53(5):520\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1331\/JAPhA.2013.12246.","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc: JAPhA."},{"key":"10951_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beune EJ, Moll van Charante EP, Beem L, Mohrs J, Agyemang CO, Ogedegbe G, Haafkens JA. Culturally adapted hypertension education (CAHE) to improve blood pressure control and treatment adherence in patients of African origin with uncontrolled hypertension: cluster-randomized trial. PloS One. 2014;9(3):e90103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090103.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090103"},{"key":"10951_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S283086","volume":"14","author":"CH Still","year":"2020","unstructured":"Still CH, Margevicius S, Harwell C, Huang MC, Martin L, Dang PB, Wright Jnr JT. A Community and Technology-Based Approach for Hypertension Self-Management (COACHMAN) to Improve Blood Pressure Control in African Americans: Results from a Pilot Study. Patient Prefer Adher. 2020;14:2301\u20132313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S283086.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adher."},{"key":"10951_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper LA, Marsteller JA, Carson KA, Dietz KB, Yeh HC, Brown D. Comparing Ways to Reduce High Blood Pressure in Patients from Different Racial and Ethnic Groups\u2014The RICH LIFE Project [Internet]. Washington (DC): Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI); 2023.","DOI":"10.25302\/04.2023.MOU.NIH2014001PR"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10951_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09516-4","volume":"40","author":"AA Noorali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Noorali AA, Ibe CA, Alvarez C, et al. Care managers and community health workers in equitable hypertension care: implementation processes from a pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial [abstract]. J Gen Intern Med. 2025;40(suppl 1):S457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-025-09516-4.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"10951_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choudhry NK, Kronish IM, Vongpatanasin W, Ferdinand KC, Pavlik VN, Egan BM, Schoenthaler A, Houston Miller N, Hyman DJ, & American Heart Association Council on Hypertension; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Clinical Cardiology. Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex.: 1979). 2022;79(1):e1\u2013e14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000203.","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000203"},{"issue":"8","key":"10951_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.07.001","volume":"19","author":"H Beyhaghi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beyhaghi H, Reeve BB, Rodgers JE, Stearns SC. Psychometric Properties of the Four-Item Morisky Green Levine Medication Adherence Scale among Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Participants. Value in health: J Int Soc Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res. 2016;19(8):996\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2016.07.001.","journal-title":"Value in health: J Int Soc Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of General Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10951-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10951-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10951-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:48:52Z","timestamp":1792597732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10951-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-026-10951-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8734","1525-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8734","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Johns Hopkins Medicine Institutional Review Board approved (protocol 00085630) the RICH LIFE Project and this secondary analysis. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human Ethics and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical Trial","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ms. Meche reports employment at Pfizer Inc. Dr. Alexander is past Chair of FDA\u2019s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee and is a co-founding Principal and equity holder in Stage Analytics. These arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}