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Oncolytic virotherapy represents a promising alternative approach that exploits defects in antiviral signaling pathways in tumor cells. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus that is nonpathogenic in mammals, has demonstrated tumor-selective activity in several species; however, its effects on equine sarcoids have not been previously investigated. In this study, primary cell cultures derived from equine sarcoid tumors were established to evaluate the selective cytotoxicity of NDV. Sarcoid tissues from six horses generated thirteen primary sarcoid cultures, while three primary equine fibroblast cultures served as non-tumor controls. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cells were infected with a green fluorescent protein-expressing Newcastle disease virus (NDV-GFP), and cell viability was measured after seventy-two hours using a metabolic viability assay. Sarcoid cultures exhibited significantly greater sensitivity to viral infection than normal fibroblasts, with substantially lower half-maximal inhibitory concentrations. Viral infectivity, quantified by fluorescence intensity, correlated with increased susceptibility to virus-induced cytotoxicity. Notably, the oncolytic activity of Newcastle disease virus was observed in both bovine papillomavirus-positive and bovine papillomavirus\u2013negative sarcoid cultures. These findings demonstrate that NDV-GFP induces stronger cytotoxic effects in equine sarcoid cells than in normal fibroblasts, supporting its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy in equine oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-026-01231-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:45:46Z","timestamp":1787762746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selective oncolytic activity of newcastle disease virus in equine sarcoid primary cells: a preclinical investigation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Daniele Fernanda","family":"Rosim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arina L\u00e1zaro","family":"Rochetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Luiz Porf\u00edrio","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talal Jamil","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduarda Costa C\u00e2mara","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"da Matta Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Francisco","family":"Strefezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Oliveira","family":"Massoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Gebara Sampaio","family":"D\u00f3ria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3265-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidge","family":"Fukumasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1231_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alves TGL, Xavier PLP, Garnica TK, Rochetti AL, Qazi TJ, Vendramini THA, Haddad F, Munir M,\u00a0et al (2025) Oncolytic potential of Newcastle Disease Virus in feline lymphoma cells: an in vitro evaluation. 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Written informed consent was obtained from horse owners prior to sample collection.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}