{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T21:43:52Z","timestamp":1781127832630,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Osteoporos"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic>Summary<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A country-specific FRAX\u00ae model for Costa Rica was developed using national hip fracture data from 2015\u20132019. Hip fracture incidence increased with age, was consistently higher in women, and exceeded rates reported in neighboring Latin American countries. Costa Rica also demonstrated higher 10-year major osteoporotic fracture probabilities at older ages compared with regional FRAX\u00ae models. An estimated 3,176 hip fractures occurred in 2020, with projections indicating an increase to 9,946 cases by 2050. These findings underscore the growing burden of hip fractures in Costa Rica and the need for targeted prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the epidemiology of hip fractures in Costa Rica and to develop a country-specific FRAX\u00ae model calibrated with national fracture and mortality data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All hip fractures (ICD-10 S72.0, S72.1, S72.2) recorded in the Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social registry from 2015\u20132019 were included. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates were combined with United Nations mortality data to construct a Costa Rica\u2013specific FRAX\u00ae model. Ten-year fracture probabilities were estimated and compared with those from other Latin American countries with calibrated FRAX\u00ae models. National projections for hip fracture burden in 2020 and 2050 were derived using United Nations population forecasts. Age-specific FRAX\u00ae assessment and intervention thresholds were developed following established international methodology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hip fracture incidence increased with age and was consistently higher in women than in men. Compared with other Latin American countries, Costa Rica demonstrated higher age-specific hip fracture rates and higher 10-year major osteoporotic fracture probabilities at older ages. An estimated 3,176 hip fractures occurred in adults aged\u2009\u2265\u200950\u00a0years in 2020, with a projected increase to 9,946 by 2050. Age-specific FRAX\u00ae threshold curves showed widening separation with advancing age, reflecting increasing fracture probability in older age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Costa Rica exhibits a comparatively high burden of hip fractures and fracture risk, which is expected to rise substantially with population aging. The newly developed Costa Rica\u2013specific FRAX\u00ae model provides an essential tool for improving fracture risk assessment and guiding evidence-based osteoporosis management in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-026-01659-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T23:33:40Z","timestamp":1770075220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Epidemiology of hip fractures in Costa Rica and development of country- specific thresholds to estimate fracture risk"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2530-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. 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