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This study aimed to adapt and validate a  culturally appropriate Persian questionnaire to assess mHealth adoption for osteoporosis  management among Iranian adults aged \u226550 years, regardless of osteoporosis diagnosis status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A questionnaire was adapted from established theoretical frameworks, including the  Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), the Health Belief Model (HBM),  self-efficacy, digital literacy, and technology anxiety. The instrument underwent cross-cultural  adaptation and psychometric evaluation in two phases: (1) content validation and cognitive testing,  and (2) construct validation using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor  analysis (CFA) with SmartPLS version 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The final instrument consisted of 54 items after  removing poorly performing indicators. The measurement model demonstrated satisfactory  psychometric properties, with average variance extracted (AVE) values ranging from 0.608 to  0.833 and composite reliability (CR) values between 0.866 and 0.950. Discriminant validity was  supported by heterotrait\u2013monotrait ratio (HTMT) values below the recommended threshold.  Performance expectancy, self-efficacy, digital literacy, and perceived severity emerged as key\u00a0determinants of mHealth adoption among older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed a  culturally adapted Persian questionnaire with strong reliability and validity for assessing mHealth  adoption in osteoporosis management among older adults. The instrument may help researchers,  clinicians, and policymakers identify barriers to digital health engagement and design targeted  interventions to improve mHealth adoption in ageing populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic>Summary<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study designed and validated a culturally appropriate questionnaire to assess the  acceptance of mHealth for osteoporosis management in Iranian adults over 50. Key predictors  included performance expectancy, self-efficacy, and digital literacy. The findings support  implementing tailored interventions to increase mHealth acceptance among older adults in  resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-026-01741-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:23:50Z","timestamp":1784719430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of an mHealth adoption questionnaire for osteoporosis management in Iranian older adults at risk"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Golaleh","family":"Karbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Anom","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghobad","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Danaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Hafidah","family":"Ishak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puvaneswaran","family":"Kunasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Nazim","family":"Mohtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1741_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guner H, CJUA (2020) It is Acarturk, The use and acceptance of ICT by senior citizens: a comparison of the technology acceptance model (TAM) for elderly and young adults. 19(2): 311\u2013330","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-018-0642-4"},{"issue":"9995","key":"1741_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62254-6","volume":"386","author":"R Atun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Atun R (2015) Transitioning health systems for multimorbidity. 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