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The present study examines the influence of sticking behavior and flowability on fluidized bed stability during \n \n $${\\hbox {H}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n H<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula> reduction. Experiments with hematite- and goethite-based ores revealed distinct fluidization behaviors. The hematite-based ore exhibited defluidization at 750\u00a0\n \n $$^{\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>C to 850\u00a0\n \n $$^{\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>C due to whisker-induced Fe layer formation, while the hematite-goethite-mixed ore remained stable without whisker formation. Quantitative rheological analysis confirmed that defluidization correlated with a transition from \u201cEasy-Flowing\u201d to \u201cCohesive\u201d regime when interparticle cohesion exceeded a critical threshold. To prevent the defluidization, ore blending strategies were explored as a mean to satisfy the rheological properties identified in the present study. A 20\u00a0pct blending of hematite-goethite-mixed ore effectively ensured \u201cEasy-Flowing\u201d regime and lowered the chance of cohesion below the critical value, ensuring stable fluidization. These findings provide key insights into the sticking mechanisms of \n \n $${\\hbox {H}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n H<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-DRI and highlight the critical powder characteristics necessary to achieve a stable and efficient \n \n $${\\hbox {H}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n H<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula> reduction process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-025-03619-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T16:43:25Z","timestamp":1749141805000},"page":"4397-4411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of Ore Types and Temperature on Sticking and Flowability of Direct Reduced Iron in a Hydrogen Fluidized Bed Reduction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jae-Dong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Hyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-kuk","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myoung Gyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Bae","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3619_CR1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA): CO$$_{2}$$Emissions in 2023, IEA, 2024. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/co2-emissions-in-2023."},{"key":"3619_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-024-03188-x","volume":"55B","author":"R Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"R. 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