{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T06:36:04Z","timestamp":1792910164502,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. of Materi Eng and Perform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Accurate prediction of the critical transformation temperatures\n \n \n $$Ac_{1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n A<\/mml:mi>\n \n c<\/mml:mi>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and\n \n \n $$Ac_{3}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n A<\/mml:mi>\n \n c<\/mml:mi>\n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n is one of the essential factors in the heat treatment of CA6NM cast martensitic stainless steel. In this study, the influence of alloy composition, heating rate, and prior austenite grain size on the critical temperatures was quantified using dilatometric measurements and statistical modeling. Six heat treatment conditions produced prior austenite grain sizes ranging from ~75 to 247 \u00b5m. Experimental results showed that grain size variations produced only minor changes in\n \n \n $$Ac_{1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n A<\/mml:mi>\n \n c<\/mml:mi>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and\n \n \n $$Ac_{3}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n A<\/mml:mi>\n \n c<\/mml:mi>\n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , indicating a weak dependence of transformation temperatures on prior austenite grain size within the investigated range. In contrast, chemical composition and\u00a0heating rate had strong effects, with\n \n \n $$Ac_{1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n A<\/mml:mi>\n \n c<\/mml:mi>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and\n \n \n $$Ac_{3}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n A<\/mml:mi>\n \n c<\/mml:mi>\n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n increasing by approximately 100 \u00b0C and 115 \u00b0C, respectively, as the heating rate increased from 0.1 to 10 \u00b0C s\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n . Regression-based predictive model incorporating alloy composition and heating rate was developed and validated. The\n \n \n $$Ac_{1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n A<\/mml:mi>\n \n c<\/mml:mi>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n model demonstrated strong agreement with experimental measurements (R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.972 and RMSE = 4.78 \u00b0C) and significantly improved prediction accuracy compared with thermodynamic calculations using Thermo-Calc and previously published empirical models. The results provide an improved framework for predicting transformation temperatures in CA6NM, under continuous heating conditions.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-026-14608-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:41:53Z","timestamp":1785336113000},"page":"40615-40628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling of Transformation Temperatures in Cast Martensitic Stainless Steels-CA6NM: Effects of Composition, Heating Rate, and Grain Size"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0575-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugochukwu","family":"Agbedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Buchely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caelan","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"14608_CR1","unstructured":"SFSA Steel Castings Handbook Supplement 8 \u201cHigh Alloy Data Sheets - Corrosion Series\u201d, 2004."},{"key":"14608_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Gysel, E. Gerber, and A. Trautwein; CA6NM-New Developments Based On 20 Years of Experience\", SPECTRUM, No 5, May 1981.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP28454S"},{"key":"14608_CR3","unstructured":"S. A. Cefalu, CA6NM Castings: Production and Welding, MetalTek International, 2022, pp. 1\u201311."},{"key":"14608_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s40962-020-00445-y","volume":"15","author":"M Ramos-Azpeitia","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Ramos-Azpeitia, J.A. Ruiz-Ochoa, J.L. Hernandez-Rivera, C.A. Perez-Alonso, and J.L. Hernandez-Revera, Heat Treatment Optimization of CA-6NM Cast Alloy Using a Full Factorial Design of Experiments Approach, Int. J. Metalcast., 2021, 15, p 76\u201387.","journal-title":"Int. J. Metalcast."},{"key":"14608_CR5","unstructured":"J. D. Crawford, \u201cCA-6NM-An Update\u201d, Steel Foundry Facts, No. 313, 1975. pp. 111\u2013117"},{"key":"14608_CR6","unstructured":"R. B. Fischer and John A. Larson, \u201cCA6NM to RC 22 Maximum\u201d, Steel Foundry Facts, No. 343, 1981, 39\u201350."},{"key":"14608_CR7","unstructured":"J. D. Crawford and J. D. Redmond, \u201cThe Influence of Double Tempering on the Hardness of CA-6NM\u201d, Steel Foundry Facts, No. 330, 1979, pp. 56\u201358"},{"key":"14608_CR8","unstructured":"E. T. Sherman, C. S. Nalbone, and W. D. Scott, \u201cProcessing Low Carbon CA6NM to Meet NACE Hardness Requirements,\u201d Steel Foundry Facts No. 353, 1983, pp. 45\u201359"},{"issue":"8","key":"14608_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.5006\/0010-9312-22.8.238","volume":"22","author":"CM Hudgins","year":"1966","unstructured":"C.M. Hudgins et al., Hydrogen Sulfide Cracking of Carbon and Alloy Steels, Corrosion, 1966, 22(8), p 238\u2013251.","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"14608_CR10","unstructured":"T. G. 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Andrew, Empirical Formulae for the Calculation of Some Transformation Temperatures, J Iron Steel Inst., 1965, 203, p 721\u2013727.","journal-title":"J Iron Steel Inst."}],"container-title":["Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11665-026-14608-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11665-026-14608-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11665-026-14608-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T06:01:35Z","timestamp":1792908095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11665-026-14608-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["14608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11665-026-14608-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-9495","1544-1024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-9495","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-1024","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The publication of this material does not constitute approval by the government of the findings or conclusions herein. Wide distribution or announcement of this material shall not be made without specific approval by the sponsoring government activity.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}