{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T13:39:07Z","timestamp":1740145147150,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioethical Inquiry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The predominant position in the reproductive rights literature argues that access to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) forms part of an individual\u2019s right to reproduce. On this reasoning, refusal of treatment by clinicians (via provision) violates a hopeful parent\u2019s reproductive right and discriminates against the infertile. I reject these views and suggest they wrongly contort what reproductive freedom entitles individuals to do and demand of others. I suggest these views find their origin, at least in part, in the way we define \u201creproduction\u201d itself. This paper critically analyses two widely accepted definitions of human reproduction and demonstrates that both are fundamentally flawed. While the process of reproduction includes the biological acts of begetting and bearing a child, I argue that it does not extend to include rearing. This reworked definition has little impact in the realm of sexual reproduction. However, it has significant ethical implications for the formulation and assignment of reproductive rights and responsibilities in the non-sexual realm in two important ways. First, a claim to access ART where one has an intention to rear a child (but does not beget or bear) cannot be grounded in reproductive rights. Second, lacking an intention to rear does not extinguish the reproductive rights and responsibilities for those who collaborate in the process. I conclude that clinicians collaborate in non-sexual reproduction at the point of triggering conception (begetting) and therefore have the right to refuse to be involved in non-sexual reproduction, in some instances, as do all reproductive collaborators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-023-10281-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T08:02:44Z","timestamp":1697184164000},"page":"117-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reconceiving Reproduction: Removing \u201cRearing\u201d From the Definition\u2014and What This Means for ART"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2003-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgina Antonia","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10281_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6764-8_15","volume-title":"The contingent nature of life","author":"B Almond","year":"2008","unstructured":"Almond, B. 2008. Reproductive choice: Whose rights? Whose freedom? In The contingent nature of life, edited by M. Duwell, C. Rehmann-Sutter, and D. Mieth, 169\u2013182. Springer Dordrecht."},{"issue":"3","key":"10281_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8519.00338","volume":"17","author":"T Bayne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bayne, T., and A. Kolers. 2003. Towards a pluralist account of parenthood. Bioethics 17(3): 221\u2013242.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"10281_CR3","volume-title":"Procreation and parenthood: The ethics of bearing and rearing children","author":"D Benatar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benatar, D. 2010. The limits of reproductive freedom. In Procreation and parenthood: The ethics of bearing and rearing children, edited by D. Archard and D. Benatar, chapter 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","edition":"chapter 4"},{"key":"10281_CR4","first-page":"735","volume":"3","author":"D Callahan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Callahan, D. 1992. Bioethics and fatherhood. Utah Law Review 3: 735\u2013746.","journal-title":"Utah Law Review"},{"key":"10281_CR5","volume-title":"Found [Definition]","author":"Cambridge advanced learner\u2019s dictionary","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cambridge advanced learner\u2019s dictionary. 2003. Found [Definition]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"10281_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2006.00478.x","volume":"20","author":"G Fuscaldo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fuscaldo, G. 2006. Genetic ties: Are they morally binding? Bioethics 20(2): 64\u201376.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"10281_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hall, G. 2022. Reproduction misconceived: Why there is no right to reproduce and the implications for ART access. Journal of Medical Ethics. ePub ahead of print, November 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jme-2022-108512","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2022-108512"},{"key":"10281_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2023. A little bit pregnant: Towards a pluralist account of non-sexual reproduction. Journal of Medical Ethics. ePub ahead of print, April 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jme-2022-108858.","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2022-108858"},{"key":"10281_CR9","first-page":"61","volume-title":"The genetic revolution and human rights","author":"J Harris","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harris, J. 1998. Genes, clones and human rights. In The genetic revolution and human rights, edited by J. Burley, 61\u201395. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"10281_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203440636","volume-title":"On cloning","author":"J Harris","year":"2004","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2004. On cloning. 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International committee for monitoring assisted reproductive technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology 2009.Fertility and Sterility 92(5): 1520\u20131524.","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bioethical Inquiry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11673-023-10281-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11673-023-10281-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11673-023-10281-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T04:08:04Z","timestamp":1714190884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11673-023-10281-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11673-023-10281-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1176-7529","1872-4353"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1176-7529"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1872-4353"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"I hereby confirm that this manuscript, submitted to the Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, has been offered exclusively to the journal.I can confirm that submission of this manuscript means that the work:\u2010 has not been published before and has not been submitted to any other journals for simultaneous consideration.\u2010 is original and has not been published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full).\u2010 is not under consideration for publication anywhere else\u2010 has been approved for publication by myself, as sole author, as well as by the responsible authorities at the institute where the work has been carried out.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical declaration"}},{"value":"The author declares that she has no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}