{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:12:14Z","timestamp":1744157534446,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA137275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA137275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"University of New South Wales","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioethical Inquiry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As COVID-19 and its variants spread across Australia at differing paces and intensity, the country\u2019s response to the risk of infection and contagion revealed an intensification of bordering practices as a form of risk mitigation with disparate impacts on different segments of the Australian community. Australia\u2019s international border was closed for both inbound and outbound travel, with few exceptions, while states and territories, Indigenous communities, and local government areas were subject to a patchwork of varying restrictions. By focusing on borders at various levels, our research traces how the logics of medico-legal bordering have filtered down from the international to the intra-national, and indeed, into hyper-local spaces. This is not just apparent in the COVID-19 moment but in previous pandemics of 1918 to 1919 influenza and smallpox, in which practices of quarantine and lockdowns were both unevenly distributed and implemented on multiple scales of social organization. An interdisciplinary approach between history and law reveals that human movement during pandemic times in Australia has been regulated in a manner that sees mobility as a risk to public health capable of mitigation through the strict enforcement of borders as a technology of both confinement and exclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-023-10292-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T14:08:52Z","timestamp":1694700532000},"page":"633-638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regulating Movement in Pandemic Times"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0534-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Jefferies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Barratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bashford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"10292_CR1","unstructured":"Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Executive Board. 2020. Abridged executive minutes. March 16."},{"key":"10292_CR2","volume-title":"Management of international travel restrictions during COVID-19","author":"Australian National Audit Office","year":"2021","unstructured":"Australian National Audit Office. 2021. Management of international travel restrictions during COVID-19. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia."},{"issue":"2","key":"10292_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/1031461X.2021.2005644","volume":"53","author":"T Barratt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barratt, T., and A. Bashford. 2022. Lines of hygiene: Pandemic border control in Australia, 1919. Australian Historical Studies 53(2): 284\u2013307.","journal-title":"Australian Historical Studies"},{"key":"10292_CR4","unstructured":"BBC News. 2021. Covid in Sydney: Military deployed to help enforce lockdown. July 30. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-australia-58021718. Accessed July 28, 2023."},{"key":"10292_CR5","unstructured":"Bendigo Advertiser. 1903. Smallpox in Tasmania. August 3."},{"key":"10292_CR6","volume-title":"Counting, health and identity: A history of Aboriginal health and demography in Western Australia and Queensland, 1900\u20131940","author":"G Briscoe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Briscoe, G. 2003. Counting, health and identity: A history of Aboriginal health and demography in Western Australia and Queensland, 1900-1940. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press."},{"key":"10292_CR7","unstructured":"Catholic Health Australia. 2022. Unlucky in a lucky country: How COVID has exposed social inequity. Civic Square: Catholic Health Australia. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/09\/24\/australia-harsh-police-response-during-covid-19."},{"issue":"1","key":"10292_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/1600-0498.12370","volume":"63","author":"E Charters","year":"2021","unstructured":"Charters, E., and K. Heitman. 2021. How epidemics end. Centaurus 63(1): 210\u2013224.","journal-title":"Centaurus"},{"key":"10292_CR9","unstructured":"Commonwealth of Australia. 2020. Biosecurity (Human Biosecurity Emergency) (Human Coronavirus with Pandemic Potential) (Emergency Requirements for Remote Communities) Determination 2020 (Cth), March 18."},{"key":"10292_CR10","unstructured":"Daily Telegraph. 1919. Meekatharra road board. June 13."},{"key":"10292_CR11","unstructured":"Daniel, S. 2021. Blacktown apartment block under police guard after six residents test positive to COVID-19. ABC News, July 26. https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-27\/blacktown-apartment-block-under-police-guard-over-covid\/100325594. Accessed July 28, 2023."},{"key":"10292_CR12","unstructured":"Department of Health. 2020. Australian health sector emergency response plan for novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/2020\/02\/australian-health-sector-emergency-response-plan-for-novel-coronavirus-covid-19_2.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10292_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/1031461X.2021.1920990","volume":"53","author":"M Finnane","year":"2022","unstructured":"Finnane, M. 2022. Governing in a pandemic: Law and government in Australia, 1919. Australian Historical Studies 53(2): 266\u2013283.","journal-title":"Australian Historical Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10292_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/1600-0498.12295","volume":"62","author":"PW Geissler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Geissler, P.W., and R.J. Prince. 2020. Layers of epidemy: Present pasts during the first weeks of COVID-19 in Western Kenya. Centaurus 62(2): 248\u2013256.","journal-title":"Centaurus"},{"key":"10292_CR15","unstructured":"Government of New South Wales. 2021a. Public Health (COVID-19 Temporary Movement and Gathering Restrictions) Amendment (No 4) Order 2021a (NSW), July 9."},{"key":"10292_CR16","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2021b. Public Health (COVID-19 Temporary Movement and Gathering Restrictions) Amendment (No 17) Order 2021b (NSW), July 29."},{"key":"10292_CR17","unstructured":"Government of Victoria. 2020a. Area Directions 2020a (Vic), July 1."},{"key":"10292_CR18","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2020b. Detention Directions (33 Alfred Street, North Melbourne) 2020b (Vic), July 4."},{"key":"10292_CR19","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2020c. Stay at Home Directions (Restricted Postcodes) 2020c (Vic), July 1."},{"key":"10292_CR20","first-page":"23","volume-title":"COVID-19 and world order: The future of conflict, competition, and cooperation","author":"JA Greene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greene, J.A., and D. Vargha. 2020. Ends of epidemics. In COVID-19 and world order: The future of conflict, competition, and cooperation, edited by H. Brands and F.J. Gavin, 23\u201339. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"10292_CR21","unstructured":"Herald. 1903. Small-pox. August 1."},{"issue":"2","key":"10292_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/1323238X.2021.1996529","volume":"27","author":"R Jefferies","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jefferies, R., J. McAdam, and S. Pillai. 2022. Can we still call Australia home? The right to return and the legality of Australia\u2019s COVID-19 travel restrictions. Australian Journal of Human Rights 27(2): 211\u2013231.","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Human Rights"},{"key":"10292_CR23","unstructured":"Kaye, B., and J. Gralow. 2021. \u201cWe are not the virus\u201d: Two-tier Delta lockdowns divide Sydney. Reuters, August 9. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/asia-pacific\/we-are-not-virus-two-tier-delta-lockdowns-divide-sydney-2021-08-10\/. Accessed July 28, 2023."},{"key":"10292_CR24","unstructured":"Keene, M. 2020. COVID-19 and indigenous Australians: A chronology. Canberra: Parliament of Australia."},{"key":"10292_CR25","unstructured":"Khalil, S. 2021. Fury as Covid crisis hits Australia\u2019s Aboriginal communities. BBC News, August 30. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-australia-58380827. Accessed July 28, 2023."},{"key":"10292_CR26","unstructured":"Kingori, P., and C. McGowan. 2016. After the end of Ebola Somatosphere, August 19. http:\/\/somatosphere.net\/2016\/after-the-end-of-ebola.html. Accessed July 28, 2023."},{"issue":"11","key":"10292_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15559","volume":"51","author":"PA Komesaroff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Komesaroff, P.A., D. Ah Chee, J. Boffa, I. Kerridge, and E. Tilton. 2021. COVID-19 restrictions should only be lifted when it is safe to do so for Aboriginal communities. Internal Medicine Journal 51(11): 1806\u20131809.","journal-title":"Internal Medicine Journal"},{"key":"10292_CR28","unstructured":"Examiner. 1903a. Issuing passports. July 1."},{"key":"10292_CR29","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 1903b. Road Patrols. June 30."},{"key":"10292_CR30","unstructured":"Mercury. 1903. The local board and chief secretary. June 29."},{"issue":"4","key":"10292_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13224","volume":"80","author":"K Moloney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moloney, K. and S. Moloney. 2020. Australian quarantine policy: From centralization to coordination with mid-pandemic COVID-19 shifts. Public Administration Review 80(4): 671\u2013682.","journal-title":"Public Administration Review"},{"key":"10292_CR32","unstructured":"Morrison, S. 2020. Media Statement: National Cabinet. September 4."},{"key":"10292_CR33","unstructured":"Murphy, B. 2020. Testimony in Senate Estimates. April 23."},{"key":"10292_CR34","unstructured":"Murray, N. 2021. Beating COVID: How Aboriginal communities mobilised to fight the pandemic. Oxfam, February 19. https:\/\/www.oxfam.org.au\/2021\/02\/beating-covid-how-aboriginal-communities-mobilised-to-fight-the-pandemic\/. Accessed July 28, 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"10292_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1215\/00029831-8780983","volume":"92","author":"R Peckham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peckham, R. 2020. The chronopolitics of COVID-19. American Literature 92(4): 767\u2013779.","journal-title":"American Literature"},{"key":"10292_CR36","unstructured":"Queensland Government. 2020. Border restrictions Direction (No. 3) 2020 (Qld), April 2."},{"key":"10292_CR37","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2021. Restrictions for locked down areas (Cairns and Yarrabah) Direction 2021 (Qld), August 8."},{"issue":"4","key":"10292_CR38","first-page":"111","volume":"23","author":"M Roe","year":"1976","unstructured":"Roe, M. 1976. Smallpox in Launceston, 1887 and 1903. Papers and Proceedings of Tasmanian Historical Research Association 23(4): 111\u2013163.","journal-title":"Papers and Proceedings of Tasmanian Historical Research Association"},{"key":"10292_CR39","unstructured":"Seidel, J. 2020. Coronavirus: The day our world changed. News.com.au, March 15. https:\/\/www.news.com.au\/lifestyle\/health\/health-problems\/coronavirus-the-day-our-world-changed\/news-story\/4d36a35aaab8bb37ec72b8d8def003bb. Accessed July 28, 2023."},{"key":"10292_CR40","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Indigenous Australians and the COVID-19 crisis: Perspectives on public policy","author":"D Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith, D. 2020. Governing the pandemic: Implications for Indigenous self-determination and self-governance. In Indigenous Australians and the COVID-19 crisis: Perspectives on public policy, edited by F. Markham, D. Smith, and F. Morphy, 10\u201313. Canberra: The Australian National University."},{"key":"10292_CR41","unstructured":"Sydney Morning Herald. 1919. Scare in the Country. April 19."},{"key":"10292_CR42","unstructured":"Tasmanian News, 1903. Smallpox in the north. June 25."},{"key":"10292_CR43","first-page":"71","volume":"85","author":"J Tham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tham, J. 2020. The COVID-19 crisis, labour rights and the role of the state. Journal of Australian Political Economy 85: 71\u201383.","journal-title":"Journal of Australian Political Economy"},{"key":"10292_CR44","unstructured":"Victorian Ombudsman. 2020. Investigation into the detention and treatment of public housing residents arising from a COVID-19 \u2018hard lockdown\u2019 in July 2020. Melbourne: Victorian Government."},{"key":"10292_CR45","unstructured":"Visontay, E. 2021. Residents of Sydney\u2019s Covid hotspots call out \u201cdouble standard\u201d of recreation rules. The Guardian, 13 September. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/australia-news\/2021\/sep\/13\/residents-of-sydneys-covid-hotspots-call-out-double-standard-of-recreation-rules. Accessed July 28, 2023."},{"key":"10292_CR46","unstructured":"Visontay, E., and J. Taylor. 2021. Tougher Covid restrictions for western Sydney criticised for threatening wellbeing of state\u2019s poorest. The Guardian, August 20. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/australia-news\/2021\/aug\/20\/tougher-covid-restrictions-for-western-sydney-criticised-for-threatening-wellbeing-of-states-poorest. Accessed July 28, 2023."},{"issue":"2","key":"10292_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.36745\/ijca.389","volume":"12","author":"A Wallace","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wallace, A., and K. Laster. 2021. Courts in Victoria, Australia, during COVID: Will digital innovation stick? International Journal for Court Administration 12(2): 1\u201319.","journal-title":"International Journal for Court Administration"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bioethical Inquiry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11673-023-10292-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11673-023-10292-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11673-023-10292-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T09:25:04Z","timestamp":1710494704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11673-023-10292-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11673-023-10292-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1176-7529","1872-4353"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1176-7529"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1872-4353"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Regina Jefferies, Tiarne Barratt, Chi Chi Huang, and Alison Bashford. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Regina Jefferies and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Declaration"}}]}}