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This paper offers a thorough overview of the historical, methodological, and philosophical foundations of empirical bioethics, tracing its development from traditional, largely theoretical approaches through the so-called \u201cempirical turn\u201d to the contemporary diversity of empirical-ethical methodologies. After examining both broad and narrow conceptions of empirical bioethics, the discussion focuses on the integrated approach that aims to derive normative conclusions from empirical findings within a coherent philosophical framework. This requires engaging with the epistemological tension between empirical and normative approaches, which is rooted in the widely recognized fact\u2013value distinction and examining the philosophical frameworks that could support such integration. The paper further outlines key methodological models for linking empirical data with normative reasoning and explores the challenge of ethical relativism in empirical bioethics. The analysis concludes that empirical bioethics provides valuable tools for context-sensitive moral reflection, while acknowledging its limitations: its conclusions serve neither as universal ethical rules nor as prescriptive \u201crecipes\u201d for decision-making in concrete situations but rather as carefully reasoned efforts to articulate ethical guidance for practical challenges grounded in real-world contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-026-10619-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:02:13Z","timestamp":1789635733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Empirical Bioethics\u2014Historical, Philosophical, and Methodological Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6553-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meta","family":"Krajnc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Zelko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5246-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urh","family":"Gro\u0161elj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10619_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1086\/421540","volume":"71","author":"A Angelides","year":"2004","unstructured":"Angelides, A. 2004. 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