{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:08:02Z","timestamp":1777518482397,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005934","name":"Malm\u00f6 University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005934","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Imaging and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motor training is a widely used therapy in many pain conditions. The brain\u2019s capacity to undergo functional and structural changes i.e., neuroplasticity is fundamental to training-induced motor improvement and can be assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The aim was to investigate the impact of pain on training-induced motor performance and neuroplasticity assessed by TMS. The review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA-guidelines and a Prospero protocol (CRD42020168487). An electronic search in PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane until December 13, 2019, identified studies focused on training-induced neuroplasticity in the presence of experimentally-induced pain, 'acute pain' or in a chronic pain condition, 'chronic pain'. Included studies were assessed by two authors for methodological quality using the TMS Quality checklist, and for risk of bias using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. The literature search identified 231 studies. After removal of 71 duplicates, 160 abstracts were screened, and 24 articles were reviewed in full text. Of these, 17 studies on acute pain (n\u2009=\u20097) or chronic pain (n\u2009=\u200910), including a total of 258 patients with different pain conditions and 248 healthy participants met the inclusion criteria. The most common types of motor training were different finger tasks (n\u2009=\u20096). Motor training was associated with motor cortex functional neuroplasticity and six of seven acute pain studies and five of ten chronic pain studies showed that, compared to controls, pain can impede such trainings-induced neuroplasticity. These findings may have implications for motor learning and performance and with putative impact on rehabilitative procedures such as physiotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-021-00621-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T04:40:32Z","timestamp":1647578432000},"page":"2281-2306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pain\u2019s Adverse Impact on Training-Induced Performance and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1600-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Stanisic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6088-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgitta","family":"H\u00e4ggman-Henrikson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8191-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohit","family":"Kothari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7658-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri Martins","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-6101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Limor","family":"Avivi-Arber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-8089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"621_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1211","volume":"28","author":"R Akhter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akhter, R., Benson, J., Svensson, P., Nicholas, M. K., Peck, C. C., & Murray, G. M. (2014). Experimental jaw muscle pain increases pain scores and jaw movement variability in higher pain catastrophizers. Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache, 28(3), 191\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11607\/ofph.1211","journal-title":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12554","volume":"45","author":"L Avivi-Arber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Avivi-Arber, L., & Sessle, B. J. (2018). Jaw sensorimotor control in healthy adults and effects of ageing. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 45(1), 50\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joor.12554","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193413","volume":"13","author":"JK Baarbe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baarbe, J. K., Yielder, P., Haavik, H., Holmes, M. W. R., & Murphy, B. A. (2018). Subclinical recurrent neck pain and its treatment impacts motor training-induced plasticity of the cerebellum and motor cortex. PLoS ONE, 13(2), e0193413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0193413","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00186.x","volume":"17","author":"PJ Bank","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bank, P. J., Peper, C. E., Marinus, J., Beek, P. J., & van Hilten, J. J. (2013). Motor consequences of experimentally induced limb pain: A systematic review. European Journal of Pain, 17(2), 145\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00186.x","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"621_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.07.019","volume":"132","author":"S Boudreau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boudreau, S., Romaniello, A., Wang, K., Svensson, P., Sessle, B. J., & Arendt-Nielsen, L. (2007). The effects of intra-oral pain on motor cortex neuroplasticity associated with short-term novel tongue-protrusion training in humans. Pain, 132(1\u20132), 169\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2007.07.019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"621_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6040056","volume":"6","author":"L Bradnam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bradnam, L., McDonnell, M., & Ridding, M. (2016). Cerebellar intermittent theta-burst stimulation and motor control training in individuals with cervical dystonia. Brain Sciences, 6(4), 56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci6040056","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"621_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang, Y. (2014). Reorganization and plastic changes of the human brain associated with skill learning and expertise. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00035","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00035"},{"issue":"9","key":"621_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.05.003","volume":"123","author":"L Chipchase","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chipchase, L., Schabrun, S., Cohen, L., Hodges, P., Ridding, M., Rothwell, J., Taylor, J., & Ziemann, U. (2012). A checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the motor system: An international consensus study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 123(9), 1698\u20131704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.05.003","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"621_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2013.08.003","volume":"36","author":"J Daligadu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Daligadu, J., Haavik, H., Yielder, P. C., Baarbe, J., & Murphy, B. (2013). Alterations in cortical and cerebellar motor processing in subclinical neck pain patients following spinal manipulation. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 36(8), 527\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2013.08.003","journal-title":"Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics"},{"key":"621_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dancey, E., Yielder, P., & Murphy, B. (2019). The Interactive Effect of Tonic Pain and Motor Learning on Corticospinal Excitability. Brain Sci, 9(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci9030063","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9030063"},{"issue":"11","key":"621_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.05.004","volume":"19","author":"E De Martino","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Martino, E., Petrini, L., Schabrun, S., & Graven-Nielsen, T. (2018a). Cortical Somatosensory Excitability Is Modulated in Response to Several Days of Muscle Soreness. The Journal of Pain, 19(11), 1296\u20131307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.05.004","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"621_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001351","volume":"159","author":"E De Martino","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Martino, E., Zandalasini, M., Schabrun, S., Petrini, L., & Graven-Nielsen, T. (2018b). Experimental muscle hyperalgesia modulates sensorimotor cortical excitability, which is partially altered by unaccustomed exercise. Pain, 159(12), 2493\u20132502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001351","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(01)01953-x","volume":"307","author":"C Dettmers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dettmers, C., Adler, T., Rzanny, R., van Schayck, R., Gaser, C., Weiss, T., Miltner, W. H., Bruckner, L., & Weiller, C. (2001). Increased excitability in the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area in patients with phantom limb pain after upper limb amputation. Neuroscience Letters, 307(2), 109\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-3940(01)01953-x","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"6","key":"621_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00543.2006","volume":"101","author":"J Duchateau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Duchateau, J., Semmler, J. G., & Enoka, R. M. (2006). Training adaptations in the behavior of human motor units. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 101(6), 1766\u20131775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00543.2006","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636020-00004","volume":"36","author":"DA Gabriel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gabriel, D. A., Kamen, G., & Frost, G. (2006). Neural adaptations to resistive exercise: Mechanisms and recommendations for training practices. Sports Medicine (auckland, n. z.), 36(2), 133\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200636020-00004","journal-title":"Sports Medicine (auckland, n. z.)"},{"issue":"6","key":"621_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419408732205","volume":"12","author":"M Gurevich","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gurevich, M., Kohn, P. M., & Davis, C. (1994). Exercise-induced analgesia and the role of reactivity in pain sensitivity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 12(6), 549\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640419408732205","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"621_CR17","unstructured":"Hallett, M., Chen, R., Ziemann, U., & Cohen, L. G. (1999). Reorganization in motor cortex in amputees and in normal volunteers after ischemic limb deafferentation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl, 51, 183\u2013187. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10590950"},{"issue":"12","key":"621_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2011.02227.x","volume":"38","author":"D Hellmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hellmann, D., Giannakopoulos, N. N., Blaser, R., Eberhard, L., Rues, S., & Schindler, H. J. (2011). Long-term training effects on masticatory muscles. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 38(12), 912\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2011.02227.x","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/Ajp.0000000000000098","volume":"31","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hodges, P. W., & Smeets, R. J. (2015). Interaction Between Pain, Movement, and Physical Activity Short-term Benefits, Long-term Consequences, and Targets for Treatment. Clinical Journal of Pain, 31(2), 97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/Ajp.0000000000000098","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"621_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.020","volume":"152","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hodges, P. W., & Tucker, K. (2011). Moving differently in pain: A new theory to explain the adaptation to pain. Pain, 152(3 Suppl), S90\u2013S98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000025","volume":"31","author":"M HoegerBement","year":"2014","unstructured":"HoegerBement, M., Weyer, A., Yoon, T., & Hunter, S. (2014). Corticomotor Excitability During a Noxious Stimulus Before and After Exercise in Women With Fibromyalgia. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 31(1), 94\u201398.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"621_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.04.006","volume":"15","author":"D Ingham","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ingham, D., Tucker, K. J., Tsao, H., & Hodges, P. W. (2011). The effect of pain on training-induced plasticity of the corticomotor system. European Journal of Pain, 15(10), 1028\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.04.006","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/018)","volume":"51","author":"JA Kleim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kleim, J. A., & Jones, T. A. (2008). Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: Implications for rehabilitation after brain damage. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(1), S225-239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/018)","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0440-8","volume":"174","author":"S Koeneke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koeneke, S., Lutz, K., Herwig, U., Ziemann, U., & J\u00e4ncke, L. (2006). Extensive training of elementary finger tapping movements changes the pattern of motor cortex excitability. Experimental Brain Research, 174(2), 199\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-006-0440-8","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"621_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.06.019","volume":"21","author":"E Kosek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kosek, E., Roos, E. M., Ageberg, E., & Nilsdotter, A. (2013). Increased pain sensitivity but normal function of exercise induced analgesia in hip and knee osteoarthritis\u2013treatment effects of neuromuscular exercise and total joint replacement. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 21(9), 1299\u20131307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2013.06.019","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"621_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.04.040","volume":"246","author":"M Kothari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kothari, M., Svensson, P., Jensen, J., Kj\u00e6rsgaard, A., Jeonghee, K., Nielsen, J. F., Ghovanloo, M., & Baad-Hansen, L. (2013). Training-induced cortical plasticity compared between three tongue-training paradigms. Neuroscience, 246, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.04.040","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.09.012","volume":"117","author":"P Krause","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krause, P., Forderreuther, S., & Straube, A. (2006). TMS motor cortical brain mapping in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117(1), 169\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.09.012","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"130","key":"621_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.001","volume":"59","author":"KR Lohse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lohse, K. R., Wadden, K., Boyd, L. A., & Hodges, N. J. (2014). Motor skill acquisition across short and long time scales: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. Neuropsychologia, 59(130), 141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.001","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"621_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mass\u00e9-Alarie, H., Louis-David, B., Preuss, R., Schneider, C. (2015). Multifidus voluntary training versus hip extension exercises in chronic low back pain: effects on clinical outcomes and underlying corticomotor function. Physiotherapy, 101e9609\u2013e961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physio.2015.03.1814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2015.03.1814"},{"key":"621_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.03.005","volume":"12","author":"H Masse-Alarie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Masse-Alarie, H., Beaulieu, L. D., Preuss, R., & Schneider, C. (2016). Influence of paravertebral muscles training on brain plasticity and postural control in chronic low back pain. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 12, 74\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.03.005","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"621_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4834-y","volume":"235","author":"H Mass\u00e9-Alarie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mass\u00e9-Alarie, H., Beaulieu, L. D., Preuss, R., & Schneider, C. (2017a). The side of chronic low back pain matters: evidence from the primary motor cortex excitability and the postural adjustments of multifidi muscles. Experimental Brain Research, 235(3), 647\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-016-4834-y","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"621_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masse-Alarie, H., Beaulieu, L. D., Preuss, R., & Schneider, C. (2017b). Repetitive peripheral magnetic neurostimulation of multifidus muscles combined with motor training influences spine motor control and chronic low back pain. Clinical Neurophysiology, 128(3), 442\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.12.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.12.020"},{"key":"621_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mavromatis, N., Neige, C., Gagne, M., Reilly, K. T., & Mercier, C. (2017). Effect of Experimental Hand Pain on Training-Induced Changes in Motor Performance and Corticospinal Excitability. Brain Sci, 7(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci7020015","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7020015"},{"key":"621_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McCambridge,\u00a0A. B., Bradnam, L. V. (2018). S63. Cerebellar stimulation for adults with cervical dystonia: A tDCS study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 129e165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.04.423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.04.423"},{"issue":"8","key":"621_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj052","volume":"16","author":"F Meintzschel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meintzschel, F., & Ziemann, U. (2006). Modification of practice-dependent plasticity in human motor cortex by neuromodulators. Cerebral Cortex, 16(8), 1106\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhj052","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"621_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mendonca, M. E., Simis, M., Grecco, L. C., Battistella, L. R., Baptista, A. F., & Fregni, F. (2016). Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Aerobic Exercise to Optimize Analgesic Responses in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00068","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00068"},{"issue":"9","key":"621_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2009.047449","volume":"94","author":"LC Michelini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Michelini, L. C., & Stern, J. E. (2009). Exercise-induced neuronal plasticity in central autonomic networks: Role in cardiovascular control. Experimental Physiology, 94(9), 947\u2013960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/expphysiol.2009.047449","journal-title":"Experimental Physiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"621_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","volume":"62","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Group, P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(10), 1006\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"621_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parker, R., Lewis, G., Rice, D., & McNair, P. (2016). Is Motor Cortical Excitability Altered in People with Chronic Pain? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Stimulation, 4, 488\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.020"},{"key":"621_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parker, R., Lewis, G., Rice, D., & McNair, P. (2017). The Association between Corticomotor Excitability and Motor Skill Learning in People with Painful Hand Arthritis. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 33(3), 222\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ajp.0000000000000392","DOI":"10.1097\/ajp.0000000000000392"},{"issue":"3","key":"621_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.3.1037","volume":"74","author":"A Pascual-Leone","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pascual-Leone, A., Nguyet, D., Cohen, L. G., Brasil-Neto, J. P., Cammarota, A., & Hallett, M. (1995). Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills. Journal of Neurophysiology, 74(3), 1037\u20131045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.1995.74.3.1037","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216","volume":"28","author":"A Pascual-Leone","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pascual-Leone, A., Amedi, A., Fregni, F., & Merabet, L. B. (2005). THE PLASTIC HUMAN BRAIN CORTEX. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28(1), 377\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"621_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00199-1","volume":"123","author":"MS Remple","year":"2001","unstructured":"Remple, M. S., Bruneau, R. M., VandenBerg, P. M., Goertzen, C., & Kleim, J. A. (2001). Sensitivity of cortical movement representations to motor experience: evidence that skill learning but not strength training induces cortical reorganization. Behavioural Brain Research, 123(2), 133\u2013141.","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"16","key":"621_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E979","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182975310","volume":"38","author":"B Rittig-Rasmussen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rittig-Rasmussen, B., Kasch, H., Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A., Jensen, T. S., & Svensson, P. (2013). Specific neck training induces sustained corticomotor hyperexcitability as assessed by motor evoked potentials. Spine, 38(16), E979\u2013E984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182975310","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"8","key":"621_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2014.487.x","volume":"18","author":"B Rittig-Rasmussen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rittig-Rasmussen, B., Kasch, H., Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A., Svensson, P., & Jensen, T. S. (2014a). Effect of training on corticomotor excitability in clinical neck pain. European Journal of Pain, 18(8), 1207\u20131216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2014.487.x","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"621_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2014.04.010","volume":"19","author":"B Rittig-Rasmussen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rittig-Rasmussen, B., Kasch, H., Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A., Svensson, P., & Jensen, T. S. (2014b). The role of neuroplasticity in experimental neck pain: A study of potential mechanisms impeding clinical outcomes of training. Manual Therapy, 19(4), 288\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2014.04.010","journal-title":"Manual Therapy"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"621_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(00)02856-0","volume":"882","author":"A Romaniello","year":"2000","unstructured":"Romaniello, A., Cruccu, G., McMillan, A. S., Arendt-Nielsen, L., & Svensson, P. (2000). Effect of experimental pain from trigeminal muscle and skin on motor cortex excitability in humans. Brain Research, 882(1\u20132), 120\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-8993(00)02856-0","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"621_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosso, C., & Lamy, J.-C. (2018). Does Resting Motor Threshold Predict Motor Hand Recovery After Stroke? Frontiers in Neurology, 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01020","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01020"},{"key":"621_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rothwell, J. (2018). Transcranial brain stimulation: Past and future. Brain and Neuroscience Advances, 2, 239821281881807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2398212818818070","DOI":"10.1177\/2398212818818070"},{"issue":"4","key":"621_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21920","volume":"43","author":"P Schwenkreis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schwenkreis, P., Voigt, M., Hasenbring, M., Tegenthoff, M., Vorgerd, M., & Kley, R. A. (2011). Central Mechanisms during Fatiguing Muscle Exercise in Muscular Dystrophy and Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Study with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Muscle & Nerve, 43(4), 479\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.21920","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"issue":"9","key":"621_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","volume":"25","author":"A Stang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stang, A. (2010). Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. European Journal of Epidemiology, 25(9), 603\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00383.2003","volume":"92","author":"K Stefan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stefan, K., Wycislo, M., & Classen, J. (2004). Modulation of associative human motor cortical plasticity by attention. Journal of Neurophysiology, 92(1), 66\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00383.2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1517-2","volume":"152","author":"P Svensson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Svensson, P., Romaniello, A., Arendt-Nielsen, L., & Sessle, B. J. (2003). Plasticity in corticomotor control of the human tongue musculature induced by tongue-task training. Experimental Brain Research, 152(1), 42\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-003-1517-2","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"621_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.01.001","volume":"14","author":"H Tsao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsao, H., Galea, M. P., & Hodges, P. W. (2010). Driving plasticity in the motor cortex in recurrent low back pain. European Journal of Pain, 14(8), 832\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.01.001","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"621_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413483932","volume":"33","author":"AM Vallence","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vallence, A. M., Smith, A., Tabor, A., Rolan, P. E., & Ridding, M. C. (2013). Chronic tension-type headache is associated with impaired motor learning. Cephalalgia, 33(12), 1048\u20131054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102413483932","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"621_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Volz, M. S., Mendonca, M., Pinheiro, F. S., Cui, H., Santana, M., Fregni, F., & Zhan, W. (2012). Dissociation of motor task-induced cortical excitability and pain perception changes in healthy volunteers. PLoS ONE, 7(3), e34273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0034273","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034273"},{"key":"621_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2020.100940","volume":"56","author":"R Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, R., Ke, S., Zhang, Q., Zhou, K., Li, P., & Yang, J. (2020). Functional and structural neuroplasticity associated with second language proficiency: An MRI study of Chinese-English bilinguals. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 56, 100940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2020.100940","journal-title":"Journal of Neurolinguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"621_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2009.03421.x","volume":"44","author":"G Wulf","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wulf, G., Shea, C., & Lewthwaite, R. (2010). Motor skill learning and performance: A review of influential factors. Medical Education, 44(1), 75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2009.03421.x","journal-title":"Medical Education"}],"container-title":["Brain Imaging and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11682-021-00621-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11682-021-00621-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11682-021-00621-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T18:05:43Z","timestamp":1666202743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11682-021-00621-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-021-00621-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1931-7557","1931-7565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1931-7557","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-7565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval, Consent to participate, Consent for publication."}},{"value":"None of the authors have a conflict of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}