{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T19:55:55Z","timestamp":1769284555469,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program","award":["PX2023018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PX2023018"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program","award":["PX2023021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PX2023021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81801042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81801042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Imaging and Behavior"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-025-01048-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T02:31:28Z","timestamp":1757298688000},"page":"1273-1285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evidence for cognitive compensation mechanism in the postoperative delirium: a prospective multi-modal neuroimaging cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Guo-Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao-Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Mei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Kang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Yun","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Zheng","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1048_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000594","volume":"34","author":"C Aldecoa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aldecoa, C., Bettelli, G., Bilotta, F., Sanders, R. D., Audisio, R., Borozdina, A., Cherubini, A., Jones, C., Kehlet, H., MacLullich, A., Radtke, F., Riese, F., Slooter, A. J., Veyckemans, F., Kramer, S., Neuner, B., Weiss, B., & Spies, C. D. (2017). European society of anaesthesiology evidence-based and consensus-based guideline on postoperative delirium. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 34(4), 192\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000594","journal-title":"European Journal of Anaesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1048_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.34","volume":"23","author":"R Bansal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bansal, R., Hellerstein, D. J., & Peterson, B. S. (2018). Evidence for neuroplastic compensation in the cerebral cortex of persons with depressive illness. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(2), 375\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2017.34","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1048_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.17.1.85","volume":"17","author":"R Cabeza","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cabeza, R. (2002). Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: The HAROLD model. Psychology and Aging, 17(1), 85\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.17.1.85","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"issue":"11","key":"1048_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0068-2","volume":"19","author":"R Cabeza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cabeza, R., Albert, M., Belleville, S., Craik, F. I. M., Duarte, A., Grady, C. L., Lindenberger, U., Nyberg, L., Park, D. C., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Rugg, M. D., Steffener, J., & Rajah, M. N. (2018). Maintenance, reserve and compensation: The cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 19(11), 701\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-018-0068-2","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"1048_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww010","volume":"139","author":"M Cavallari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cavallari, M., Dai, W., Guttmann, C. R., Meier, D. S., Ngo, L. H., Hshieh, T. T., Callahan, A. E., Fong, T. G., Schmitt, E., Dickerson, B. C., Press, D. Z., Marcantonio, E. R., Jones, R. N., Inouye, S. K., Alsop, D. C., & Group, S. S. (2016). Neural substrates of vulnerability to postsurgical delirium as revealed by presurgical diffusion MRI. Brain, 139(Pt 4), 1282\u20131294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aww010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1048_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2020.110158","volume":"69","author":"O de la Varga-Martinez","year":"2021","unstructured":"de la Varga-Martinez, O., Gomez-Pesquera, E., Munoz-Moreno, M. F., Marcos-Vidal, J. M., Lopez-Gomez, A., Rodenas-Gomez, F., Ramasco, F., Alvarez-Refojo, F., Tamayo, E., & Gomez-Sanchez, E. (2021). Development and validation of a delirium risk prediction preoperative model for cardiac surgery patients (DELIPRECAS): An observational multicentre study. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 69, 110158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinane.2020.110158","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Anesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"1048_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0864-6","volume":"18","author":"Y Duan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Lu, L., Chen, J., Wu, C., Liang, J., Zheng, Y., Wu, J., Rong, P., & Tang, C. (2018). Psychosocial interventions for alzheimer\u2019s disease cognitive symptoms: A bayesian network meta-analysis. Bmc Geriatrics, 18(1), 175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-018-0864-6","journal-title":"Bmc Geriatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1048_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.05.008","volume":"22","author":"G Hartwigsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hartwigsen, G. (2018). Flexible redistribution in cognitive networks. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(8), 687\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2018.05.008","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"1048_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117449","volume":"224","author":"G Hartwigsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hartwigsen, G., & Volz, L. J. (2021). Probing rapid network reorganization of motor and Language functions via neuromodulation and neuroimaging. Neuroimage, 224, 117449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117449","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1048_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822984","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.822984","volume":"14","author":"HW Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, H. W., Zhang, X. K., Li, H. Y., Wang, Y. G., Jing, B., Chen, Y., Patel, M. B., Ely, E. W., Liu, Y. O., Zhou, J. X., Lin, S., & Zhang, G. B. (2022). Higher grade glioma increases the risk of postoperative delirium: Deficient brain compensation might be a potential mechanism of postoperative delirium. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14, 822984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.822984","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"1048_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","volume":"113","author":"SK Inouye","year":"1990","unstructured":"Inouye, S. K., van Dyck, C. H., Alessi, C. A., Balkin, S., Siegal, A. P., & Horwitz, R. I. (1990). Clarifying confusion: The confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(12), 941\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"1048_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639259","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.639259","volume":"11","author":"H Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, H., Huang, H., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Ren, X., Cui, Y., Sui, D., Lin, S., Jiang, Z., & Zhang, G. (2021). Postoperative Long-Term independence among the elderly with meningiomas: Function evolution, determinant identification, and prediction model development. Frontiers in Oncology, 11, 639259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.639259","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oncology"},{"key":"1048_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38135.x","volume":"769","author":"M Moscovitch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Moscovitch, M., & Winocur, G. (1995). Frontal lobes, memory, and aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 769, 119\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38135.x","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"1048_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou233","volume":"17","author":"KR Noll","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noll, K. R., Sullaway, C., Ziu, M., Weinberg, J. S., & Wefel, J. S. (2015). Relationships between tumor grade and neurocognitive functioning in patients with glioma of the left Temporal lobe prior to surgical resection. Neuro Oncol, 17(4), 580\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/nou233","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1048_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867419848826","volume":"53","author":"J Oh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oh, J., Shin, J. E., Yang, K. H., Kyeong, S., Lee, W. S., Chung, T. S., & Kim, J. J. (2019). Cortical and subcortical changes in resting-state functional connectivity before and during an episode of postoperative delirium. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(8), 794\u2013806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867419848826","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"1048_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879006","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.879006","volume":"14","author":"J Qiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiao, J., Li, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, G., Lu, P., & Wang, S. (2022). The infraslow frequency oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances sustained attention. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14, 879006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.879006","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"1048_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14748","volume":"65","author":"MM Shafi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shafi, M. M., Santarnecchi, E., Fong, T. G., Jones, R. N., Marcantonio, E. R., Pascual-Leone, A., & Inouye, S. K. (2017). Advancing the neurophysiological Understanding of delirium. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(6), 1114\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.14748","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"1048_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2015.09.002","volume":"24","author":"A Shioiri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shioiri, A., Kurumaji, A., Takeuchi, T., Nemoto, K., Arai, H., & Nishikawa, T. (2016). A decrease in the volume of Gray matter as a risk factor for postoperative delirium revealed by an Atlas-based method. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(7), 528\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2015.09.002","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1048_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.024","volume":"31","author":"SM Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Johansen-Berg, H., Rueckert, D., Nichols, T. E., Mackay, C. E., Watkins, K. E., Ciccarelli, O., Cader, M. Z., Matthews, P. M., & Behrens, T. E. (2006). Tract-based Spatial statistics: Voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. Neuroimage, 31(4), 1487\u20131505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6","key":"1048_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003523","volume":"133","author":"MJ Susano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Susano, M. J., Grasfield, R. H., Friese, M., Rosner, B., Crosby, G., Bader, A. M., Kang, J. D., Smith, T. R., Lu, Y., Groff, M. W., Chi, J. H., Grodstein, F., & Culley, D. J. (2020). Brief preoperative screening for frailty and cognitive impairment predicts delirium after spine surgery. Anesthesiology, 133(6), 1184\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003523","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1048_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3671-9","volume":"31","author":"SM Vasunilashorn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vasunilashorn, S. M., Marcantonio, E. R., Gou, Y., Pisani, M. A., Travison, T. G., Schmitt, E. M., Jones, R. N., & Inouye, S. K. (2016). Quantifying The severity of a delirium episode throughout hospitalization: The combined importance of intensity and duration. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(10), 1164\u20131171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-016-3671-9","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1048_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2301021640","volume":"230","author":"S Wakana","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wakana, S., Jiang, H., Nagae-Poetscher, L. M., van Zijl, P. C., & Mori, S. (2004). Fiber tract-based atlas of human white matter anatomy. Radiology, 230(1), 77\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2301021640","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"1048_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21417","volume":"33","author":"LE Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, L. E., Tittgemeyer, M., Imperati, D., Diekhoff, S., Ameli, M., Fink, G. R., & Grefkes, C. (2012). Degeneration of corpus callosum and recovery of motor function after stroke: A multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study. Human Brain Mapping, 33(12), 2941\u20132956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.21417","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"12","key":"1048_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now165","volume":"18","author":"JS Wefel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wefel, J. S., Noll, K. R., Rao, G., & Cahill, D. P. (2016). Neurocognitive function varies by IDH1 genetic mutation status in patients with malignant glioma prior to surgical resection. Neuro Oncol, 18(12), 1656\u20131663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/now165","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1048_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.02.028","volume":"127","author":"MF White","year":"2021","unstructured":"White, M. F., Tanabe, S., Casey, C., Parker, M., Bo, A., Kunkel, D., Nair, V., Pearce, R. A., Lennertz, R., Prabhakaran, V., Lindroth, H., & Sanders, R. D. (2021). Relationships between preoperative cortical thickness, postoperative electroencephalogram slowing, and postoperative delirium. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 127(2), 236\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2021.02.028","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"4","key":"1048_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3045","volume":"15","author":"RJ Zatorre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zatorre, R. J., Fields, R. D., & Johansen-Berg, H. (2012). Plasticity in Gray and white: Neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning. Nature Neuroscience, 15(4), 528\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3045","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Brain Imaging and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11682-025-01048-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11682-025-01048-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11682-025-01048-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T06:57:21Z","timestamp":1769237841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11682-025-01048-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-025-01048-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1931-7565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1931-7565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT_05375409). We obtained written informed consent from each participant. Ethical approval for this study (KY2017-018-02) was provided by the Ethical Committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Chairperson Prof Yong-Jun Wang) on 18 February 2017.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after they had received a full explanation of the study procedures.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}