{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:54:59Z","timestamp":1783392899903,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":328,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among various genera of free-living amoebae prevalent in nature, some members are identified as causative agents of human encephalitis, in which<jats:italic>Naegleria fowleri<\/jats:italic>followed by<jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>spp. and<jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>have been successively discovered. As the three dominant genera responsible for infections,<jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>work as opportunistic pathogens of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, whereas<jats:italic>Naegleria<\/jats:italic>induces primary amoebic meningoencephalitis mostly in healthy children and young adults as a more violent and deadly disease. Due to the lack of typical symptoms and laboratory findings, all these amoebic encephalitic diseases are difficult to diagnose. Considering that subsequent therapies are also affected, all these brain infections cause significant mortality worldwide, with more than 90% of the cases being fatal. Along with global warming and population explosion, expanding areas of human and amoebae activity in some regions lead to increased contact, resulting in more serious infections and drawing increased public attention. In this review, we summarize the present information of these pathogenic free-living amoebae, including their phylogeny, classification, biology, and ecology. The mechanisms of pathogenesis, immunology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapies are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-021-0865-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T21:36:42Z","timestamp":1637876202000},"page":"842-866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Various brain-eating amoebae: the protozoa, the pathogenesis, and the disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hongze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunjia","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1645","key":"865_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130426","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0426","volume":"369","author":"C Dye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dye C. After 2015: infectious diseases in a new era of health and development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369(1645): 20130426","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00232.x","volume":"50","author":"GS Visvesvara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Schuster FL. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2007; 50(1): 1\u201326","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1233568","volume":"24","author":"K Kr\u00f3l-Turmi\u0144ska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3l-Turmi\u0144ska K, Olender A. Human infections caused by free-living amoebae. Ann Agric Environ Med 2017; 24(2): 254\u2013260","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2019.1660023","volume":"76","author":"HL Lau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lau HL, De Lima Corvino DF, Guerra FMJr, Malik AM, Lichtenberger PN, Gultekin SH, Ritter JM, Roy S, Ali IKM, Cope JR, Post MJD, Gonzales Zamora JA. Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba in a patient with AIDS: a challenging diagnosis. Acta Clin Belg 2021; 76(2): 127\u2013131","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E65","DOI":"10.3390\/v9040065","volume":"9","author":"C Balczun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balczun C, Scheid PL. Free-living amoebae as hosts for and vectors of intracellular microorganisms with public health significance. Viruses 2017; 9(4): E65","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR6","first-page":"1456","volume":"63","author":"R Zaheer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zaheer R. Naegleria fowleri\u2014the brain-eating amoeba. J Pak Med Assoc 2013; 63(11): 1456","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.10.990","volume":"62","author":"BB Gelman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gelman BB, Popov V, Chaljub G, Nader R, Rauf SJ, Nauta HW, Visvesvara GS. Neuropathological and ultrastructural features of amebic encephalitis caused by Sappinia diploidea. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62(10): 990\u2013998","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"865_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1086\/597473","volume":"199","author":"Y Qvarnstrom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Qvarnstrom Y, da Silva AJ, Schuster FL, Gelman BB, Visvesvara GS. Molecular confirmation of Sappinia pedata as a causative agent of amoebic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 2009; 199(8): 1139\u20131142","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2009.00410.x","volume":"56","author":"GS Visvesvara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Visvesvara GS, Sriram R, Qvarnstrom Y, Bandyopadhyay K, Da Silva AJ, Pieniazek NJ, Cabral GA. Paravahlkampfia francinae n. sp. masquerading as an agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56(4): 357\u2013366","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2012.00248.x","volume":"88","author":"G Gl\u00f6ckner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gl\u00f6ckner G, Noegel AA. Comparative genomics in the Amoebozoa clade. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88(1): 215\u2013225","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2307\/2411395","volume":"15","author":"EC Bovee","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bovee EC, Jahn TL. Mechanisms of movement in taxonomy of Sarcodina. 3. Orders, suborders, families, and subfamilies in the superorder Lobida. Syst Zool 1966; 15(3): 229\u2013240","journal-title":"Syst Zool"},{"key":"865_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3221693","volume-title":"Taxonomy of the Amebas; with descriptions of thirty-nine new marine and freshwater species","author":"AA Schaeffer","year":"1926","unstructured":"Schaeffer AA. Taxonomy of the Amebas; with descriptions of thirty-nine new marine and freshwater species. Washington: The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2011.04.004","volume":"162","author":"AV Smirnov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smirnov AV, Chao E, Nassonova ES, Cavalier-Smith T. A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa: lobosa). Protist 2011; 162(4): 545\u2013570","journal-title":"Protist"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12691","volume":"66","author":"SM Adl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Luke\u0161 J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, C\u00e1rdenas P, Cepicka I, Chistyakova L, Del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EAD, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66(1): 4\u2013119","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"865_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2018.01.006","volume":"63","author":"N Bondarenko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bondarenko N, Glotova A, Nassonova E, Masharsky A, Kudryavtsev A, Smirnov A. The complete mitochondrial genome of Vannella simplex (Amoebozoa, Discosea, Vannellida). Eur J Protistol 2018; 63: 83\u201395","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06843-9","volume":"119","author":"D Corsaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corsaro D. Update on Acanthamoeba phylogeny. Parasitol Res 2020; 119(10): 3327\u20133338","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz011","volume":"43","author":"A Samba-Louaka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Samba-Louaka A, Delafont V, Rodier MH, Cateau E, H\u00e9chard Y. Free-living amoebae and squatters in the wild: ecological and molecular features. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43(4): 415\u2013434","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150701494127","volume":"56","author":"SM Adl","year":"2007","unstructured":"Adl SM, Leander BS, Simpson AG, Archibald JM, Anderson OR, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Farmer MA, Karpov S, Kolisko M, Lane CE, Lodge DJ, Mann DG, Meisterfeld R, Mendoza L, Moestrup \u00d8, Mozley-Standridge SE, Smirnov AV, Spiegel F. Diversity, nomenclature, and taxonomy of protists. Syst Biol 2007; 56(4): 684\u2013689","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"865_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.08.011","volume":"83","author":"T Cavalier-Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cavalier-Smith T, Fiore-Donno AM, Chao E, Kudryavtsev A, Berney C, Snell EA, Lewis R. Multigene phylogeny resolves deep branching of Amoebozoa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 83: 293\u2013304","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"issue":"9","key":"865_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx162","volume":"34","author":"S Kang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang S, Tice AK, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD, P\u00e1nek T, Cepicka I, Kostka M, Kosakyan A, Alc\u00e2ntara DMC, Roger AJ, Shadwick LL, Smirnov A, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG, Brown MW. Between a pod and a hard test: the deep evolution of Amoebae. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34(9): 2258\u20132270","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"Pt7","key":"865_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.063487-0","volume":"64","author":"T P\u00e1nek","year":"2014","unstructured":"P\u00e1nek T, Pt\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 E, \u010cepi\u010dka I. Survey on diversity of marine\/saline anaerobic Heterolobosea (Excavata: Discoba) with description of seven new species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64(Pt 7): 2280\u20132304","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.06.011","volume":"35","author":"JE Pi\u00f1ero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pi\u00f1ero JE, Ch\u00e1vez-Mungu\u00eda B, Oma\u00f1a-Molina M, Lorenzo-Morales J. Naegleria fowleri. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35(10): 848\u2013849","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2008.07.002","volume":"160","author":"D Bass","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, Yabuki A, Ishida K, Berney C, Pakzad U, Wylezich C, Cavalier-Smith T. Phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised. Protist 2009; 160(1): 75\u2013109","journal-title":"Protist"},{"issue":"12","key":"865_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.116","volume":"7","author":"C Berney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berney C, Romac S, Mah\u00e9 F, Santini S, Siano R, Bass D. Vampires in the oceans: predatory cercozoan amoebae in marine habitats. ISME J 2013; 7(12): 2387\u20132399","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"12","key":"865_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp185","volume":"26","author":"MW Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brown MW, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD. Phylogeny of the \u201cforgotten\u201d cellular slime mold, Fonticula alba, reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26(12): 2699\u20132709","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01076.x","volume":"7","author":"AJ Martinez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Martinez AJ, Visvesvara GS. Free-living, amphizoic and opportunistic amebas. Brain Pathol 1997; 7(1): 583\u2013598","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"865_CR27","series-title":"Scientific Publication","first-page":"155","volume-title":"An illustrated key to freshwater and soil amoebae: with notes on cultivation and ecology","author":"FC Page","year":"1976","unstructured":"Page FC. An illustrated key to freshwater and soil amoebae: with notes on cultivation and ecology. Scientific Publication No. 34. Ambleside: Freshwater Biological Association, 1976: 155"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"865_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/01490451003702925","volume":"27","author":"DM Wilkinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilkinson DM, Mitchell EAD. Testate amoebae and nutrient cycling with particular reference to soils. Geomicrobiol J 2010; 27(6\u20137): 520\u2013533","journal-title":"Geomicrobiol J"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12949","volume":"17","author":"S Geisen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geisen S, Rosengarten J, Koller R, Mulder C, Urich T, Bonkowski M. Pack hunting by a common soil amoeba on nematodes. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17(11): 4538\u20134546","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-007-9096-z","volume":"596","author":"BP Han","year":"2008","unstructured":"Han BP, Wang T, Lin QQ, Dumont HJ. Carnivory and active hunting by the planktonic testate amoeba Difflugia tuberspinifera. Hydrobiologia 2008; 596(1): 197\u2013201","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.41.3.786","volume":"41","author":"B Bowers","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bowers B, Korn ED. The fine structure of Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff strain). II. Encystment. J Cell Biol 1969; 41(3): 786\u2013805","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2572-z","volume":"11","author":"A Anwar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anwar A, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Combating Acanthamoeba spp. cysts: what are the options? Parasit Vectors 2018; 11(1): 26","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.2038-2043.2001","volume":"45","author":"R Hughes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hughes R, Kilvington S. Comparison of hydrogen peroxide contact lens disinfection systems and solutions against Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45(7): 2038\u20132043","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1086\/502137","volume":"24","author":"G Greub","year":"2003","unstructured":"Greub G, Raoult D. Biocides currently used for bronchoscope decontamination are poorly effective against free-living amoebae. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24(10): 784\u2013786","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30675-9","volume":"20","author":"M Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali M, Jamal SB, Farhat SM. Naegleria fowleri in Pakistan. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20(1): 27\u201328","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.5.1822-1824.1998","volume":"64","author":"U Rohr","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rohr U, Weber S, Michel R, Selenka F, Wilhelm M. Comparison of free-living amoebae in hot water systems of hospitals with isolates from moist sanitary areas by identifying genera and determining temperature tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64(5): 1822\u20131824","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.05301-11","volume":"11","author":"E Fouque","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fouque E, Trouilh\u00e9 MC, Thomas V, Hartemann P, Rodier MH, H\u00e9chard Y. Cellular, biochemical, and molecular changes during encystment of free-living amoebae. Eukaryot Cell 2012; 11(4): 382\u2013387","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/10408419409114556","volume":"20","author":"S Rodr\u00edguez-Zaragoza","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Zaragoza S. Ecology of free-living amoebae. Crit Rev Microbiol 1994; 20(3): 225\u2013241","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.1.115-121.1997","volume":"63","author":"R Amann","year":"1997","unstructured":"Amann R, Springer N, Sch\u00f6nhuber W, Ludwig W, Schmid EN, M\u00fcller KD, Michel R. Obligate intracellular bacterial parasites of acanthamoebae related to Chlamydia spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63(1): 115\u2013121","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.10.1445-a","volume":"74","author":"F Pisani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pisani F, Costa C, Oteri G, Ioli A. Identification of amoebae in the CSF in a patient with meningoencephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74(10): 1445\u20131446","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00182.x","volume":"48","author":"P Bass","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bass P, Bischoff PJ. Seasonal variability in abundance and diversity of soil gymnamoebae along a short transect in southeastern USA. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001; 48(4): 475\u2013479","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002","volume":"15","author":"RM Donlan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15(2): 167\u2013193","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"865_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(01)01256-6","volume":"152","author":"J Barbeau","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barbeau J, Buhler T. Biofilms augment the number of free-living amoebae in dental unit waterlines. Res Microbiol 2001; 152(8): 753\u2013760","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1078\/S1438-4639(04)70031-0","volume":"203","author":"R Hoffmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoffmann R, Michel R. Distribution of free-living amoebae (FLA) during preparation and supply of drinking water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2001; 203(3): 215\u2013219","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177564","volume":"12","author":"MA Abdul Majid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdul Majid MA, Mahboob T, Mong BGJ, Jaturas N, Richard RL, Tian-Chye T, Phimphila A, Mahaphonh P, Aye KN, Aung WL, Chuah J, Ziegler AD, Yasiri A, Sawangjaroen N, Lim YAL, Nissapatorn V. Correction: Pathogenic waterborne free-living amoebae: an update from selected Southeast Asian countries. PLoS One 2017; 12(5): e0177564","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2019.57.4.341","volume":"57","author":"C Bunsuwansakul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bunsuwansakul C, Mahboob T, Hounkong K, Laohaprapanon S, Chitapornpan S, Jawjit S, Yasiri A, Barusrux S, Bunluepuech K, Sawangjaroen N, Salibay CC, Kaewjai C, Pereira ML, Nissapatorn V. Acanthamoeba in Southeast Asia\u2014overview and challenges. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57(4): 341\u2013357","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1990.tb01142.x","volume":"37","author":"GS Visvesvara","year":"1990","unstructured":"Visvesvara GS, Stehr-Green JK. Epidemiology of free-living ameba infections. J Protozool 1990; 37(4): 25S\u201333S","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"865_CR48","first-page":"55","volume":"37","author":"A Alexeieff","year":"1912","unstructured":"Alexeieff A. Sur les charact\u00e8res cytologiques et la syst\u00e9matique des amibes du groupe limax (Naegleria nov. gen. et Hartmannia nov. gen.) et des amibes parasites des vertebrates (Protamoeba nov. gen.). Bull Soc Zool Fr 1912; 37: 55\u201374","journal-title":"Bull Soc Zool Fr"},{"issue":"5464","key":"865_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5464.734-a","volume":"2","author":"M Fowler","year":"1965","unstructured":"Fowler M, Carter RF. Acute pyogenic meningitis probably due to Acanthamoeba sp.: a preliminary report. Br Med J 1965; 2(5464): 740\u2013742","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa520","volume":"73","author":"R Gharpure","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gharpure R, Bliton J, Goodman A, Ali IKM, Yoder J, Cope JR. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri: a global review. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73(1): e19\u2013e27","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.10.008","volume":"36","author":"SK Maciver","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maciver SK, Pi\u00f1ero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Is Naegleria fowleri an emerging parasite? Trends Parasitol 2020; 36(1): 19\u201328","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-496","volume":"15","author":"DC Zysset-Burri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zysset-Burri DC, M\u00fcller N, Beuret C, Heller M, Sch\u00fcrch N, Gottstein B, Wittwer M. Genome-wide identification of pathogenicity factors of the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri. BMC Genomics 2014; 15(1): 496","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16040","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52572-0","volume":"9","author":"N Liechti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liechti N, Sch\u00fcrch N, Bruggmann R, Wittwer M. Nanopore sequencing improves the draft genome of the human pathogenic amoeba Naegleria fowleri. Sci Rep 2019; 9(1): 16040","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.023","volume":"11","author":"JF De Jonckheere","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Jonckheere JF. Origin and evolution of the worldwide distributed pathogenic amoeboflagellate Naegleria fowleri. Infect Genet Evol 2011; 11(7): 1520\u20131528","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152434","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152434","volume":"11","author":"B Coupat-Goutaland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coupat-Goutaland B, R\u00e9goudis E, Besseyrias M, Mularoni A, Binet M, Herbelin P, P\u00e9landakis M. Population structure in Naegleria fowleri as revealed by microsatellite markers. PLoS One 2016; 11(4): e0152434","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"865_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.07.011","volume":"145","author":"JF De Jonckheere","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Jonckheere JF. What do we know by now about the genus Naegleria? Exp Parasitol 2014; 145(Suppl): S2\u2013S9","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06463-y","volume":"119","author":"HMS Sazzad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sazzad HMS, Luby SP, Sejvar J, Rahman M, Gurley ES, Hill V, Murphy JL, Roy S, Cope JR, Ali IKM. A case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri in Bangladesh. Parasitol Res 2020; 119(1): 339\u2013344","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991014","volume":"138","author":"JS Yoder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoder JS, Eddy BA, Visvesvara GS, Capewell L, Beach MJ. The epidemiology of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the USA, 1962\u20132008. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 138(7): 968\u2013975","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR59","first-page":"121","volume":"29","author":"J Martinez","year":"1973","unstructured":"Martinez J, Duma RJ, Nelson EC, Moretta FL. Experimental naegleria meningoencephalitis in mice. Penetration of the olfactory mucosal epithelium by Naegleria and pathologic changes produced: a light and electron microscope study. Lab Invest 1973; 29(2): 121\u2013133","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0050:ALMSOT]2.0.CO;2","volume":"86","author":"KL Jarolim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jarolim KL, McCosh JK, Howard MJ, John DT. A light microscopy study of the migration of Naegleria fowleri from the nasal submucosa to the central nervous system during the early stage of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in mice. J Parasitol 2000; 86(1): 50\u201355","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1177-6","volume":"94","author":"S Rojas-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rojas-Hern\u00e1ndez S, Jarillo-Luna A, Rodr\u00edguez-Monroy M, Moreno-Fierros L, Campos-Rodr\u00edguez R. Immunohistochemical characterization of the initial stages of Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis in mice. Parasitol Res 2004; 94(1): 31\u201336","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00332.x","volume":"51","author":"F Marciano-Cabral","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral GA. The immune response to Naegleria fowleri amebae and pathogenesis of infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2007; 51(2): 243\u2013259","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008406","volume":"16","author":"EA Moseman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moseman EA. Battling brain-eating amoeba: enigmas surrounding immunity to Naegleria fowleri. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16(4): e1008406","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/71.5.591","volume":"71","author":"RV Lawande","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lawande RV, John I, Dobbs RH, Egler LJ. A case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in Zaria, Nigeria. Am J Clin Pathol 1979; 71(5): 591\u2013594","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"865_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.09.009","volume":"164","author":"R Siddiqui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siddiqui R, Ali IKM, Cope JR, Khan NA. Biology and pathogenesis of Naegleria fowleri. Acta Trop 2016; 164: 375\u2013394","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.2307\/3281100","volume":"68","author":"FM Marciano-Cabral","year":"1982","unstructured":"Marciano-Cabral FM, Patterson M, John DT, Bradley SG. Cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi for established mammalian cell cultures. J Parasitol 1982; 68(6): 1110\u20131116","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"865_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000303","volume":"65","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-Castillo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Castillo M, C\u00e1rdenas-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga R, Coronado-Vel\u00e1zquez D, Debnath A, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Naegleria fowleri after 50 years: is it a neglected pathogen? J Med Microbiol 2016; 65(9): 885\u2013896","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"Pt3","key":"865_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.055020-0","volume":"158","author":"M Jamerson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jamerson M, da Rocha-Azevedo B, Cabral GA, Marciano-Cabral F. Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri and non-pathogenic Naegleria lovaniensis exhibit differential adhesion to, and invasion of, extracellular matrix proteins. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158(Pt 3): 791\u2013803","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1158-9","volume":"94","author":"KL Han","year":"2004","unstructured":"Han KL, Lee HJ, Shin MH, Shin HJ, Im KI, Park SJ. The involvement of an integrin-like protein and protein kinase C in amoebic adhesion to fibronectin and amoebic cytotoxicity. Parasitol Res 2004; 94(1): 53\u201360","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"865_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2019.125640","volume":"72","author":"N Flores-Huerta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flores-Huerta N, S\u00e1nchez-Monroy V, Rodr\u00edguez MA, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. A comparative study of the membrane proteins from Naegleria species: a 23-kDa protein participates in the virulence of Naegleria fowleri. Eur J Protistol 2020; 72: 125640","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1727-z","volume":"106","author":"I Cervantes-Sandoval","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cervantes-Sandoval I, Jes\u00fas Serrano-Luna J, Pacheco-Y\u00e9pez J, Silva-Olivares A, Tsutsumi V, Shibayama M. Differences between Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi in expression of mannose and fucose glycoconjugates. Parasitol Res 2010; 106(3): 695\u2013701","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3549-2","volume":"112","author":"M Carrasco-Yepez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carrasco-Yepez M, Campos-Rodriguez R, Godinez-Victoria M, Rodriguez-Monroy MA, Jarillo-Luna A, Bonilla-Lemus P, De Oca AC, Rojas-Hernandez S. Naegleria fowleri glycoconjugates with residues of \u03b1-D-mannose are involved in adherence of trophozoites to mouse nasal mucosa. Parasitol Res 2013; 112(10): 3615\u20133625","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"Pt12","key":"865_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2008\/019380-0","volume":"154","author":"I Cervantes-Sandoval","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cervantes-Sandoval I, Serrano-Luna JJ, Garc\u00eda-Latorre E, Tsutsumi V, Shibayama M. Mucins in the host defence against Naegleria fowleri and mucinolytic activity as a possible means of evasion. Microbiology (Reading) 2008; 154(Pt 12): 3895\u20133904","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2008.01.006","volume":"57","author":"I Cervantes-Sandoval","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cervantes-Sandoval I, Serrano-Luna JJ, Garc\u00eda-Latorre E, Tsutsumi V, Shibayama M. Characterization of brain inflammation during primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Parasitol Int 2008; 57(3): 307\u2013313","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"25","key":"865_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22353","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201475200","volume":"277","author":"R Herbst","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herbst R, Ott C, Jacobs T, Marti T, Marciano-Cabral F, Leippe M. Pore-forming polypeptides of the pathogenic protozoon Naegleria fowleri. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(25): 22353\u201322360","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"25","key":"865_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25955","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M401965200","volume":"279","author":"R Herbst","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herbst R, Marciano-Cabral F, Leippe M. Antimicrobial and pore-forming peptides of free-living and potentially highly pathogenic Naegleria fowleri are released from the same precursor molecule. J Biol Chem 2004; 279(25): 25955\u201325958","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR77","first-page":"195","volume":"26","author":"SL Chang","year":"1979","unstructured":"Chang SL. Pathogenesis of pathogenic Naegleria amoeba. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1979; 26(3): 195\u2013200","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol (Praha)"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(82)90005-4","volume":"711","author":"RM Hysmith","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hysmith RM, Franson RC. Elevated levels of cellular and extracellular phospholipases from pathogenic Naegleria fowleri. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982; 711(1): 26\u201332","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(87)90035-3","volume":"924","author":"D Eisen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Eisen D, Franson RC. Acid-active neuraminidases in the growth media from cultures of pathogenic Naegleria fowleri and in sonicates of rabbit alveolar macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1987; 924(2): 369\u2013372","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"865_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.03.010","volume":"188","author":"I Zyserman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zyserman I, Mondal D, Sarabia F, McKerrow JH, Roush WR, Debnath A. Identification of cysteine protease inhibitors as new drug leads against Naegleria fowleri. Exp Parasitol 2018; 188: 36\u201341","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01297.x","volume":"33","author":"KJ Song","year":"2011","unstructured":"Song KJ, Jang YS, Lee YA, Kim KA, Lee SK, Shin MH. Reactive oxygen species-dependent necroptosis in Jurkat T cells induced by pathogenic free-living Naegleria fowleri. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33(7): 390\u2013400","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"865_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.03.027","volume":"142","author":"B Ch\u00e1vez-Mungu\u00eda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez-Mungu\u00eda B, Villatoro LS, Oma\u00f1a-Molina M, Rodr\u00edguez-Monroy MA, Segovia-Gamboa N, Mart\u00ednez-Palomo A. Naegleria fowleri: contact-dependent secretion of electrondense granules (EDG). Exp Parasitol 2014; 142: 1\u20136","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0495-x","volume":"101","author":"S Rojas-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rojas-Hern\u00e1ndez S, Rodr\u00edguez-Monroy MA, Moreno-Fierros L, Jarillo-Luna A, Carrasco-Yepez M, Miliar-Garc\u00eda A, Campos-Rodr\u00edguez R. Nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in Naegleria fowleri. Parasitol Res 2007; 101(2): 269\u2013274","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jss.400060103","volume":"6","author":"C Fulton","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fulton C. Intracellular regulation of cell shape and motility in Naegleria. First insights and a working hypothesis. J Supramol Struct 1977; 6(1): 13\u201343","journal-title":"J Supramol Struct"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.47.1.12-14.1984","volume":"47","author":"DT John","year":"1984","unstructured":"John DT, Cole TBJr, Marciano-Cabral FM. Sucker-like structures on the pathogenic amoeba Naegleria fowleri. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 47(1): 12\u201314","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1103-4","volume":"103","author":"S Tiewcharoen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tiewcharoen S, Rabablert J, Chetanachan P, Junnu V, Worawirounwong D, Malainual N. Scanning electron microscopic study of human neuroblastoma cells affected with Naegleria fowleri Thai strains. Parasitol Res 2008; 103(5): 1119\u20131123","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00211.x","volume":"48","author":"HJ Shin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shin HJ, Cho MS, Jung SU, Kim HI, Park S, Kim HJ, Im KI. Molecular cloning and characterization of a gene encoding a 13.1 kDa antigenic protein of Naegleria fowleri. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001; 48(6): 713\u2013717","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR88","first-page":"873","volume":"12","author":"SY Kang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kang SY, Song KJ, Jeong SR, Kim JH, Park S, Kim K, Kwon MH, Shin HJ. Role of the Nfa1 protein in pathogenic Naegleria fowleri cocultured with CHO target cells. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12(7): 873\u2013876","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.10.004","volume":"112","author":"KJ Song","year":"2006","unstructured":"Song KJ, Jeong SR, Park S, Kim K, Kwon MH, Im KI, Pak JH, Shin HJ. Naegleria fowleri: functional expression of the Nfa1 protein in transfected Naegleria gruberi by promoter modification. Exp Parasitol 2006; 112(2): 115\u2013120","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0600-1","volume":"101","author":"YJ Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee YJ, Kim JH, Jeong SR, Song KJ, Kim K, Park S, Park MS, Shin HJ. Production of Nfa1-specific monoclonal antibodies that influences the in vitro cytotoxicity of Naegleria fowleri trophozoites on microglial cells. Parasitol Res 2007; 101(5): 1191\u20131196","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2006.10.003","volume":"86","author":"CJ Walsh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walsh CJ. The role of actin, actomyosin and microtubules in defining cell shape during the differentiation of Naegleria amebae into flagellates. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86(2): 85\u201398","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"865_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12631","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12631","volume":"41","author":"HJ Sohn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sohn HJ, Song KJ, Kang H, Ham AJ, Lee JH, Chwae YJ, Kim K, Park S, Kim JH, Shin HJ. Cellular characterization of actin gene concerned with contact-dependent mechanisms in Naegleria fowleri. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41(8): e12631","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03183.x","volume":"34","author":"BL Dubray","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dubray BL, Wilhelm WE, Jennings BR. Serology of Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria lovaniensis in a hospital survey. J Protozool 1987; 34(3): 322\u2013327","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR94","first-page":"99","volume":"33","author":"L Cerva","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cerva L. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and Naegleria fowleri: occurrence of antibodies in man. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1989; 33(1): 99\u2013103","journal-title":"J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12350","volume":"64","author":"J Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee J, Kang JM, Kim TI, Kim JH, Sohn HJ, Na BK, Shin HJ. Excretory and secretory proteins of Naegleria fowleri induce inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64(2): 183\u2013192","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.030635-0","volume":"155","author":"I Cervantes-Sandoval","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cervantes-Sandoval I, Serrano-Luna JJ, Meza-Cervantez P, Arroyo R, Tsutsumi V, Shibayama M. Naegleria fowleri induces MUC5AC and pro-inflammatory cytokines in human epithelial cells via ROS production and EGFR activation. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155(11): 3739\u20133747","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5666-9","volume":"117","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-Castillo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Castillo M, Santos-Argumedo L, Galv\u00e1n-Moroyoqui JM, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Toll-like receptors participate in Naegleria fowleri recognition. Parasitol Res 2018; 117(1): 75\u201387","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR98","first-page":"559","volume":"56","author":"A Ferrante","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ferrante A, Mocatta TJ. Human neutrophils require activation by mononuclear leucocyte conditioned medium to kill the pathogenic free-living amoeba, Naegleria fowleri. Clin Exp Immunol 1984; 56(3): 559\u2013566","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(80)90071-1","volume":"2","author":"A Ferrante","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ferrante A, Thong YH. Unique phagocytic process in neutrophilmediated killing of Naeglaria fowleri. Immunol Lett 1980; 2(1): 37\u201341","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.30.1.58-61.1980","volume":"30","author":"TW Holbrook","year":"1980","unstructured":"Holbrook TW, Boackle RJ, Parker BW, Vesely J. Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Naegleria fowleri. Infect Immun 1980; 30(1): 58\u201361","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.225","volume":"42","author":"MK Michelson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Michelson MK, Henderson WRJr, Chi EY, Fritsche TR, Klebanoff SJ. Ultrastructural studies on the effect of tumor necrosis factor on the interaction of neutrophils and Naegleria fowleri. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990; 42(3): 225\u2013233","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201006052","volume":"191","author":"V Papayannopoulos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Papayannopoulos V, Metzler KD, Hakkim A, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase regulate the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol 2010; 191(3): 677\u2013691","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12152","volume":"62","author":"IK Vyas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vyas IK, Jamerson M, Cabral GA, Marciano-Cabral F. Identification of peptidases in highly pathogenic vs. weakly pathogenic Naegleria fowleri amebae. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62(1): 51\u201359","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"865_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12021","volume":"35","author":"JH Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim JH, Song AR, Sohn HJ, Lee J, Yoo JK, Kwon D, Shin HJ. IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 activate inflammatory responses of astrocytes against Naegleria fowleri infection via the modulation of MAPKs and AP-1. Parasite Immunol 2013; 35(3\u20134): 120\u2013128","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90025-1","volume":"72","author":"YH Thong","year":"1978","unstructured":"Thong YH, Ferrante A, Shepherd C, Rowan-Kelly B. Resistance of mice to Naegleria meningoencephalitis transferred by immune serum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978; 72(6): 650\u2013652","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.42.2.645-652.1983","volume":"42","author":"MF Reilly","year":"1983","unstructured":"Reilly MF, White KLJr, Bradley SG. Host resistance of mice to Naegleria fowleri infections. Infect Immun 1983; 42(2): 645\u2013652","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.17.4.576-581.1983","volume":"17","author":"MF Reilly","year":"1983","unstructured":"Reilly MF, Marciano-Cabral F, Bradley DW, Bradley SG. Agglutination of Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi by antibodies in human serum. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 17(4): 576\u2013581","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.00999.x","volume":"30","author":"A Jarillo-Luna","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jarillo-Luna A, Moreno-Fierros L, Campos-Rodr\u00edguez R, Rodr\u00edguez-Monroy MA, Lara-Padilla E, Rojas-Hern\u00e1ndez S. Intranasal immunization with Naegleria fowleri lysates and Cry1Ac induces metaplasia in the olfactory epithelium and increases IgA secretion. Parasite Immunol 2008; 30(1): 31\u201338","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"865_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2010.01222.x","volume":"32","author":"M Carrasco-Yepez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carrasco-Yepez M, Rojas-Hernandez S, Rodriguez-Monroy MA, Terrazas LI, Moreno-Fierros L. Protection against Naegleria fowleri infection in mice immunized with Cry1Ac plus amoebic lysates is dependent on the STAT6 Th2 response. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32(9\u201310): 664\u2013670","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"865_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.04.002","volume":"145","author":"M Carrasco-Yepez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carrasco-Yepez M, Campos-Rodriguez R, Lopez-Reyes I, Bonilla-Lemus P, Rodriguez-Cortes AY, Contis-Montes de Oca A, Jarillo-Luna A, Miliar-Garcia A, Rojas-Hernandez S. Intranasal coadministration of Cholera toxin with amoeba lysates modulates the secretion of IgA and IgG antibodies, production of cytokines and expression of pIgR in the nasal cavity of mice in the model of Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis. Exp Parasitol 2014; 145(Suppl): S84\u2013S92","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1992.30.1.33","volume":"30","author":"JS Ryu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ryu JS, Im KI. The production and characterization of anti-Naegleria fowleri monoclonal antibodies. Korean J Parasitol 1992; 30(1): 33\u201341","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1139\/w03-023","volume":"49","author":"M Shibayama","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shibayama M, Serrano-Luna JJ, Rojas-Hern\u00e1ndez S, Campos-Rodr\u00edguez R, Tsutsumi V. Interaction of secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies with Naegleria fowleri trophozoites and collagen type I. Can J Microbiol 2003; 49(3): 164\u2013170","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"865_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12337","volume":"38","author":"A Contis-Montes de Oca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Contis-Montes de Oca A, Carrasco-Y\u00e9pez M, Campos-Rodr\u00edguez R, Pacheco-Y\u00e9pez J, Bonilla-Lemus P, P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez J, Rojas-Hern\u00e1ndez S. Neutrophils extracellular traps damage Naegleria fowleri trophozoites opsonized with human IgG. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38(8): 481\u2013495","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12508","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12508","volume":"40","author":"MM Carrasco-Yepez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carrasco-Yepez MM, Campos-Rodr\u00edguez R, Res\u00e9ndiz-Albor AA, Pe\u00f1a-Ju\u00e1rez C, Contis-Montes de Oca A, Arciniega-Mart\u00ednez IM, Bonilla-Lemus P, Rojas-Hernandez S. Naegleria fowleri immunization modifies lymphocytes and APC of nasal mucosa. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40(3): e12508","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.29.2.408-410.1980","volume":"29","author":"RT Cursons","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cursons RT, Brown TJ, Keys EA, Moriarty KM, Till D. Immunity to pathogenic free-living amoebae: role of cell-mediated immunity. Infect Immun 1980; 29(2): 408\u2013410","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.7.2784-2790.1992","volume":"60","author":"DM Toney","year":"1992","unstructured":"Toney DM, Marciano-Cabral F. Alterations in protein expression and complement resistance of pathogenic Naegleria amoebae. Infect Immun 1992; 60(7): 2784\u20132790","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1994.tb06087.x","volume":"41","author":"DM Toney","year":"1994","unstructured":"Toney DM, Marciano-Cabral F. Modulation of complement resistance and virulence of Naegleria fowleri amoebae by alterations in growth media. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1994; 41(4): 337\u2013343","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.36.100182.000533","volume":"36","author":"DT John","year":"1982","unstructured":"John DT. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis and the biology of Naegleria fowleri. Annu Rev Microbiol 1982; 36(1): 101\u2013123","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"865_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360000243","volume":"86","author":"V Rivera-Aguilar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rivera-Aguilar V, Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez D, Rojas-Hern\u00e1ndez S, Oliver-Aguill\u00f3n G, Tsutsumi V, Herrera-Gonz\u00e1lez N, Campos-Rodr\u00edguez R. Immunoblot analysis of IgA antibodies to Naegleria fowleri in human saliva and serum. Parasitol Res 2000; 86(9): 775\u2013780","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"865_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.04.022","volume":"148","author":"AM Baig","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baig AM. Pathogenesis of amoebic encephalitis: are the amoebae being credited to an \u2018inside job\u2019 done by the host immune response? Acta Trop 2015; 148: 72\u201376","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3909-6","volume":"13","author":"TL Th\u00e1i","year":"2020","unstructured":"Th\u00e1i TL, Kang JM, L\u00ea HG, Lee J, Yoo WG, Shin HJ, Sohn WM, Na BK. Fowlerstefin, a cysteine protease inhibitor of Naegleria fowleri, induces inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells in vitro. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13(1): 41","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"865_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782854","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/782854","volume":"2012","author":"Z Movahedi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Movahedi Z, Shokrollahi MR, Aghaali M, Heydari H. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in an Iranian infant. Case Rep Med 2012; 2012: 782854","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_18_371","volume":"37","author":"N Mittal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mittal N, Mahajan L, Hussain Z, Gupta P, Khurana S. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in an infant. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37(1): 120\u2013122","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"865_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.06.004","volume":"34","author":"FL Schuster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS. Free-living amoebae as opportunistic and non-opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34(9): 1001\u20131027","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"865_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.05.001","volume":"72","author":"LL Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang LL, Wu M, Hu BC, Chen HL, Pan JR, Ruan W, Yao LN. Identification and molecular typing of Naegleria fowleri from a patient with primary amebic meningoencephalitis in China. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 72: 28\u201333","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm2002528","volume":"383","author":"GR Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris GR, Batra R. Naegleria fowleri. N Engl J Med 2020; 383(11): 1057","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2019.57.3.291","volume":"57","author":"M Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen M, Ruan W, Zhang L, Hu B, Yang X. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: a case report. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57(3): 291\u2013294","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu103","volume":"4","author":"LG Capewell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Capewell LG, Harris AM, Yoder JS, Cope JR, Eddy BA, Roy SL, Visvesvara GS, Fox LM, Beach MJ. Diagnosis, clinical course, and treatment of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the United States, 1937\u20132013. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015; 4(4): e68\u2013e75","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02300-16","volume":"55","author":"TYY Ong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ong TYY, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Brain-eating amoebae: predilection sites in the brain and disease outcome. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55(7): 1989\u20131997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"865_CR130","first-page":"619","volume":"46","author":"E Lopez-Corella","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lopez-Corella E, De Leon B, de Jonckheere JF. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri in an adolescent from Huetamo, Michoacan, Mexico. Bol M\u00e9d Hosp Infant M\u00e9xico 1989; 46(9): 619\u2013622","journal-title":"Bol M\u00e9d Hosp Infant M\u00e9xico"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(96)00173-7","volume":"15","author":"ND Barnett","year":"1996","unstructured":"Barnett ND, Kaplan AM, Hopkin RJ, Saubolle MA, Rudinsky MF. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis with Naegleria fowleri: clinical review. Pediatr Neurol 1996; 15(3): 230\u2013234","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(72)90147-2","volume":"66","author":"RF Carter","year":"1972","unstructured":"Carter RF. Primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis. An appraisal of present knowledge. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1972; 66(2): 193\u2013208","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"865_CR133","unstructured":"Martinez AJ. Free-living amebas: natural history, prevention, diagnosis, pathology and treatment of disease. CRC Press, 1985"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.1999.00893.x","volume":"49","author":"Y Sugita","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sugita Y, Fujii T, Hayashi I, Aoki T, Yokoyama T, Morimatsu M, Fukuma T, Takamiya Y. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri: an autopsy case in Japan. Pathol Int 1999; 49(5): 468\u2013470","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"865_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53490-3.00010-8","volume":"114","author":"GS Visvesvara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Visvesvara GS. Infections with free-living amebae. Handb Clin Neurol 2013; 114: 153\u2013168","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12582","volume":"39","author":"T Hara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hara T, Yagita K, Sugita Y. Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis in Japan. Neuropathology 2019; 39(4): 251\u2013258","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198206000-00032","volume":"6","author":"AH Lam","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lam AH, de Silva M, Procopis P, Kan A. Primary amoebic (Naegleria) meningoencephalitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1982; 6(3): 620\u2013623","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.3.9725321","volume":"171","author":"DD Kidney","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kidney DD, Kim SH. CNS infections with free-living amebas: neuroimaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 171(3): 809\u2013812","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"865_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251406","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/251406","volume":"2009","author":"B da Rocha-Azevedo","year":"2009","unstructured":"da Rocha-Azevedo B, Tanowitz HB, Marciano-Cabral F. Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2009; 2009: 251406","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1179\/146532805X58166","volume":"25","author":"S Hebbar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hebbar S, Bairy I, Bhaskaranand N, Upadhyaya S, Sarma MS, Shetty AK. Fatal case of Naegleria fowleri meningo-encephalitis in an infant: case report. Ann Trop Paediatr 2005; 25(3): 223\u2013226","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2009.07.007","volume":"54","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update on emerging infections: news from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis\u2014Arizona, Florida, and Texas, 2007. Ann Emerg Med 2009; 54(3): 469\u2013471","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-2712(18)30524-9","volume":"11","author":"AJ Martinez","year":"1991","unstructured":"Martinez AJ, Visvesvara GS. Laboratory diagnosis of pathogenic free-living amoebas: Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and Leptomyxid. Clin Lab Med 1991; 11(4): 861\u2013872","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"865_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.6b00232","volume":"7","author":"JJ Pugh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pugh JJ, Levy RA. Naegleria fowleri: diagnosis, pathophysiology of brain inflammation, and antimicrobial treatments. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7(9): 1178\u20131179","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"issue":"33","key":"865_CR144","first-page":"666","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2013","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Investigational drug available directly from CDC for the treatment of infections with free-living amebae. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013; 62(33): 666","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"865_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4303\/jnp\/N100802","volume":"1","author":"GS Visvesvara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Visvesvara GS. Free-living amebae as opportunistic agents of human disease. J Neuroparasitology 2010; 1: 41\u201353","journal-title":"J Neuroparasitology"},{"issue":"9","key":"865_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.9.1629-1634.1987","volume":"25","author":"GS Visvesvara","year":"1987","unstructured":"Visvesvara GS, Peralta MJ, Brandt FH, Wilson M, Aloisio C, Franko E. Production of monoclonal antibodies to Naegleria fowleri, agent of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25(9): 1629\u20131634","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2003.0177","volume":"47","author":"J Behets","year":"2003","unstructured":"Behets J, Seghi F, Declerck P, Verelst L, Duvivier L, Van Damme A, Ollevier F. Detection of Naegleria spp. and Naegleria fowleri: a comparison of flagellation tests, ELISA and PCR. Water Sci Technol 2003; 47(3): 117\u2013122","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00244.x","volume":"50","author":"FL Reveiller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reveiller FL, Varenne MP, Pougnard C, Cabanes PA, Pringuez E, Pourima B, Legastelois S, Pernin P. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the identification of Naegleria fowleri in environmental water samples. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2003; 50(2): 109\u2013113","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"865_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.04.011","volume":"189","author":"LF Lares-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lares-Jim\u00e9nez LF, Borquez-Rom\u00e1n MA, Alfaro-Sifuentes R, Meza-Montenegro MM, Casillas-Hern\u00e1ndez R, Lares-Villa F. Detection of serum antibodies in children and adolescents against Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba T4. Exp Parasitol 2018; 189: 28\u201333","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0591-x","volume":"88","author":"FL R\u00e9veiller","year":"2002","unstructured":"R\u00e9veiller FL, Cabanes PA, Marciano-Cabral F. Development of a nested PCR assay to detect the pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri. Parasitol Res 2002; 88(5): 443\u2013450","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00875-06","volume":"44","author":"Y Qvarnstrom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Qvarnstrom Y, Visvesvara GS, Sriram R, da Silva AJ. Multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44(10): 3589\u20133595","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2017.06.013","volume":"38","author":"WM Hikal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hikal WM, Dkhil MA. Nested PCR assay for the rapid detection of Naegleria fowleri from swimming pools in Egypt. Acta Ecol Sin 2018; 38(2): 102\u2013107","journal-title":"Acta Ecol Sin"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01357-06","volume":"45","author":"M Schild","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schild M, Gianinazzi C, Gottstein B, M\u00fcller N. PCR-based diagnosis of Naegleria sp. infection in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain sections. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45(2): 564\u2013567","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13051","volume":"67","author":"J Xue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xue J, Caton K, Sherchan SP. Comparison of next-generation droplet digital PCR with quantitative PCR for enumeration of Naegleria fowleri in environmental water and clinical samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67(4): 322\u2013328","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"865_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2020.125726","volume":"76","author":"A Panda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panda A, Mirdha BR, Rastogi N, Kasuhik S. Understanding the true burden of \u201cNaegleria fowleri\u201d (Vahlkampfiidae) in patients from Northern states of India: source tracking and significance. Eur J Protistol 2020; 76: 125726","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"issue":"4063","key":"865_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4063.869","volume":"178","author":"JL Griffin","year":"1972","unstructured":"Griffin JL. Temperature tolerance of pathogenic and nonpathogenic free-living amoebas. Science 1972; 178(4063): 869\u2013870","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2307\/3285719","volume":"85","author":"S Gupta","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gupta S, Das SR. Stock cultures of free-living amebas: effect of temperature on viability and pathogenicity. J Parasitol 1999; 85(1): 137\u2013139","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR158","first-page":"148","volume":"164","author":"J Diaz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diaz J. Seasonal primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in the south: summertime is PAM time. J La State Med Soc 2012; 164(3): 148\u2013150, 152\u2013155","journal-title":"J La State Med Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000558238.99250.4a","volume":"32","author":"AM Cooper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cooper AM, Aouthmany S, Shah K, Rega PP. Killer amoebas: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in a changing climate. JAAPA 2019; 32(6): 30\u201335","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2008.070426","volume":"38","author":"G Caruzo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caruzo G, Cardozo J. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: a new case from Venezuela. Trop Doct 2008; 38(4): 256\u2013257","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/71.2.201","volume":"71","author":"RV Lawande","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lawande RV, Abraham SN, John I, Egler LJ. Recovery of soil Amebas from the nasal passages of children during the dusty harmattan period in Zaria. Am J Clin Pathol 1979; 71(2): 201\u2013203","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR162","first-page":"111","volume":"21","author":"JA Ugonabo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ugonabo JA, Gugnani HC. Nasal carriage of Naegleria fowleri and its environmental occurrence in Borno State, Nigeria. J Commun Dis 1989; 21(2): 111\u2013113","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.1.309-310.2002","volume":"40","author":"S Shenoy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shenoy S, Wilson G, Prashanth HV, Vidyalakshmi K, Dhanashree B, Bharath R. Primary meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: first reported case from Mangalore, South India. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40(1): 309\u2013310","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6677","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01293-15","volume":"59","author":"E Grace","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grace E, Asbill S, Virga K. Naegleria fowleri: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59(11): 6677\u20136681","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.524-528.2003","volume":"47","author":"SM Goswick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goswick SM, Brenner GM. Activities of azithromycin and amphotericin B against Naegleria fowleri in vitro and in a mouse model of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47(2): 524\u2013528","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00197-08","volume":"52","author":"JH Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim JH, Jung SY, Lee YJ, Song KJ, Kwon D, Kim K, Park S, Im KI, Shin HJ. Effect of therapeutic chemical agents in vitro and on experimental meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52(11): 4010\u20134016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05122-14","volume":"59","author":"CA Rice","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rice CA, Colon BL, Alp M, G\u00f6ker H, Boykin DW, Kyle DE. Bisbenzimidazole hits against Naegleria fowleri discovered with new high-throughput screens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59(4): 2037\u20132044","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"865_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006104","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006104","volume":"11","author":"A Debnath","year":"2017","unstructured":"Debnath A, Calvet CM, Jennings G, Zhou W, Aksenov A, Luth MR, Abagyan R, Nes WD, McKerrow JH, Podust LM. CYP51 is an essential drug target for the treatment of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11(12): e0006104","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"16","key":"865_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00165","volume":"11","author":"JI Escrig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Escrig JI, Hahn HJ, Debnath A. Activity of auranofin against multiple genotypes of Naegleria fowleri and its synergistic effect with amphotericin B in vitro. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11(16): 2464\u20132471","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1983.tb05346.x","volume":"30","author":"JF De Jonckheere","year":"1983","unstructured":"De Jonckheere JF. Isoenzyme and total protein-analysis by agarose isoelectric-focusing, and taxonomy of the genus Acanthamoeba. J Protozool 1983; 30(4): 701\u2013706","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1992.tb04853.x","volume":"39","author":"H Moura","year":"1992","unstructured":"Moura H, Wallace S, Visvesvara GS. Acanthamoeba healyi n. sp. and the isoenzyme and immunoblot profiles of Acanthamoeba spp., groups 1 and 3. J Protozool 1992; 39(5): 573\u2013583","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-1041-0","volume":"92","author":"J Walochnik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Walochnik J, Sommer K, Obwaller A, Haller-Schober EM, Asp\u00f6ck H. Characterisation and differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains by their protein and antigen profiles. Parasitol Res 2004; 92(4): 289\u2013298","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E534","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070534","volume":"9","author":"PA Fuerst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fuerst PA, Booton GC. Species, sequence types and alleles: dissecting genetic variation in Acanthamoeba. Pathogens 2020; 9(7): E534","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12149","volume":"62","author":"J Walochnik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walochnik J, Scheikl U, Haller-Schober EM. Twenty years of Acanthamoeba diagnostics in Austria. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62(1): 3\u201311","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1729-5","volume":"9","author":"HS Behera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Behera HS, Satpathy G, Tripathi M. Isolation and genotyping of Acanthamoeba spp. from Acanthamoeba meningitis\/meningoencephalitis (AME) patients in India. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9(1): 442","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR176","first-page":"393","volume":"15","author":"M Khorsandi Rafsanjani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khorsandi Rafsanjani M, Hajialilo E, Saraei M, Alizadeh SA, Javadi A. Isolation and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria from agricultural water canal in Qazvin, Iran. Iran J Parasitol 2020; 15(3): 393\u2013402","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1978.tb03854.x","volume":"25","author":"E Willaert","year":"1978","unstructured":"Willaert E, Stevens AR, Tyndall RL. Acanthamoeba royreba sp. n. from a human tumor cell culture. J Protozool 1978; 25(1): 1\u201314","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"865_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(85)90039-5","volume":"18","author":"PM Daggett","year":"1985","unstructured":"Daggett PM, Lipscomb D, Sawyer TK, Nerad TA. A molecular approach to the phylogeny of Acanthamoeba. Biosystems 1985; 18(3\u20134): 399\u2013405","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"issue":"12","key":"865_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.12.1993","volume":"41","author":"HA Gardner","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gardner HA, Martinez AJ, Visvesvara GS, Sotrel A. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis in an AIDS patient. Neurology 1991; 41(12): 1993\u20131995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"865_CR180","first-page":"1363","volume":"116","author":"C Di Gregorio","year":"1992","unstructured":"Di Gregorio C, Rivasi F, Mongiardo N, De Rienzo B, Wallace S, Visvesvara GS. Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992; 116(12): 1363\u20131365","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1997.35.2.127","volume":"35","author":"DI Chung","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chung DI, Kong HH, Kim TH, Hwang MY, Yu HS, Yun HC, Seol SY. Bacterial endosymbiosis within the cytoplasm of Acanthamoeba lugdunensis isolated from a contact lens storage case. Korean J Parasitol 1997; 35(2): 127\u2013133","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR182","first-page":"448","volume":"94","author":"F Faude","year":"1997","unstructured":"Faude F, S\u00fcnnemann S, Retzlaff C, Meier T, Wiedemann P. Therapy refractory keratitis. Contact lens-induced keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba palestinensis. Ophthalmologe 1997; 94(6): 448\u2013449","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01245.x","volume":"9","author":"MT Garc\u00eda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda MT, Jones S, Pelaz C, Millar RD, Abu Kwaik Y. Acanthamoeba polyphaga resuscitates viable non-culturable Legionella pneumophila after disinfection. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9(5): 1267\u20131277","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12069","volume":"60","author":"Y Qvarnstrom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qvarnstrom Y, Nerad TA, Visvesvara GS. Characterization of a new pathogenic Acanthamoeba species, A. byersi n. sp., isolated from a human with fatal amoebic encephalitis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 60(6): 626\u2013633","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"865_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12104","volume":"41","author":"LM van Zyl","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Zyl LM, Andrew N, Chehade M, Sadlon TA, Badenoch PR. Acanthamoeba lenticulata keratitis in a hard contact lens wearer. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 41(8): 810\u2013812","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"865_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.09.018","volume":"183","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-Robles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Robles A, Oma\u00f1a-Molina M, Salazar-Villatoro L, Flores-Maldonado C, Lorenzo-Morales J, Reyes-Batlle M, Arnalich-Montiel F, Mart\u00ednez-Palomo A. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni isolated from a clinical case with intraocular dissemination: structure and in vitro analysis of the interaction with hamster cornea and MDCK epithelial cell monolayers. Exp Parasitol 2017; 183: 245\u2013253","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12454","volume":"65","author":"D Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu D, Qiao K, Feng M, Fu Y, Cai J, Deng Y, Tachibana H, Cheng X. Apoptosis of Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites induced by oleic acid. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65(2): 191\u2013199","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-019-01098-3","volume":"43","author":"HM Ezz Eldin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ezz Eldin HM, Sarhan RM, Khayyal AE. The impact of vinegar on pathogenic Acanthamoeba astronyxis isolate. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43(3): 351\u2013359","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2019_18","volume":"67","author":"A Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh A, Acharya M, Jose N, Gandhi A, Sharma S. 18S rDNA sequencing aided diagnosis of Acanthamoeba jacobsi keratitis\u2014a case report. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019; 67(11): 1886\u20131888","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12692","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12692","volume":"42","author":"ME \u00c1vila-Blanco","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c1vila-Blanco ME, Mart\u00edn-P\u00e9rez T, Ventura-Ju\u00e1rez J, P\u00e9rez-Serrano J. Experimental keratitis in rats caused by Acanthamoeba griffini: a kinetic histopathological study. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42(3): e12692","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E217","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030217","volume":"9","author":"I Hasni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hasni I, Andr\u00e9ani J, Colson P, La Scola B. Description of virulent factors and horizontal gene transfers of keratitis-associated amoeba Acanthamoeba triangularis by genome analysis. Pathogens 2020; 9(3): E217","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001121","volume":"69","author":"S Roshni Prithiviraj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roshni Prithiviraj S, Rajapandian SGK, Gnanam H, Gunasekaran R, Mariappan P, Sankalp Singh S, Prajna L. Clinical presentations, genotypic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Acanthamoeba species causing keratitis. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69(1): 87\u201395","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR193","first-page":"21","volume":"115","author":"AP Anzil","year":"1991","unstructured":"Anzil AP, Rao C, Wrzolek MA, Visvesvara GS, Sher JH, Kozlowski PB. Amebic meningoencephalitis in a patient with AIDS caused by a newly recognized opportunistic pathogen. Leptomyxid ameba. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991; 115(1): 21\u201325","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.6.1024","volume":"15","author":"SM Gordon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gordon SM, Steinberg JP, DuPuis MH, Kozarsky PE, Nickerson JF, Visvesvara GS. Culture isolation of Acanthamoeba species and leptomyxid amebas from patients with amebic meningoencephalitis, including two patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15(6): 1024\u20131030","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(94)90034-5","volume":"10","author":"DA Griesemer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Griesemer DA, Barton LL, Reese CM, Johnson PC, Gabrielsen JA, Talwar D, Visvesvara GS. Amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris. Pediatr Neurol 1994; 10(3): 249\u2013254","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1592-9","volume":"106","author":"M Niyyati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Niyyati M, Lorenzo-Morales J, Rezaeian M, Martin-Navarro CM, Haghi AM, Maciver SK, Valladares B. Isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris from urban dust, free of known infectious involvement. Parasitol Res 2009; 106(1): 279\u2013281","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3900-2","volume":"113","author":"AM Cabello-V\u00edlchez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cabello-V\u00edlchez AM, Reyes-Batlle M, Montalb\u00e1n-Sandoval E, Mart\u00edn-Navarro CM, L\u00f3pez-Arencibia A, Elias-Letts R, Guerra H, Gotuzzo E, Mart\u00ednez-Carretero E, Pi\u00f1ero JE, Maciver SK, Valladares B, Lorenzo-Morales J. The isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris from environmental sources from Peru. Parasitol Res 2014; 113(7): 2509\u20132513","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881600073X","volume":"144","author":"AR Latifi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Latifi AR, Niyyati M, Lorenzo-Morales J, Haghighi A, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, Lasjerdi Z. Presence of Balamuthia mandrillaris in hot springs from Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144(11): 2456\u20132461","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"865_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.12.2750-2756.1990","volume":"28","author":"GS Visvesvara","year":"1990","unstructured":"Visvesvara GS, Martinez AJ, Schuster FL, Leitch GJ, Wallace SV, Sawyer TK, Anderson M. Leptomyxid ameba, a new agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28(12): 2750\u20132756","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879801000416","volume":"10","author":"H Kinde","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kinde H, Visvesvara GS, Barr BC, Nordhausen RW, Chiu PHW. Amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris (leptomyxid ameba) in a horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 1998; 10(4): 378\u2013381","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0302-0","volume":"100","author":"PJ Finnin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Finnin PJ, Visvesvara GS, Campbell BE, Fry DR, Gasser RB. Multifocal Balamuthia mandrillaris infection in a dog in Australia. Parasitol Res 2007; 100(2): 423\u2013426","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2197-z","volume":"108","author":"PJ Hodge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hodge PJ, Kelers K, Gasser RB, Visvesvara GS, Martig S, Long SN. Another case of canine amoebic meningoencephalitis\u2014the challenges of reaching a rapid diagnosis. Parasitol Res 2011; 108(4): 1069\u20131073","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.65","volume":"68","author":"GC Booton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Booton GC, Carmichael JR, Visvesvara GS, Byers TJ, Fuerst PA. Genotyping of Balamuthia mandrillaris based on nuclear 18S and mitochondrial 16S rRNA genes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 68(1): 65\u201369","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"865_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.07.007","volume":"145","author":"LF Lares-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lares-Jim\u00e9nez LF, Booton GC, Lares-Villa F, Vel\u00e1zquez-Contreras CA, Fuerst PA. Genetic analysis among environmental strains of Balamuthia mandrillaris recovered from an artificial lagoon and from soil in Sonora, Mexico. Exp Parasitol 2014; 145 (Suppl): S57\u2013S61","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"8","key":"865_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05082-11","volume":"18","author":"Z Kucerova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kucerova Z, Sriram R, Wilkins PP, Visvesvara GS. Identification of antigenic targets for immunodetection of Balamuthia mandrillaris infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011; 18(8): 1297\u20131301","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.6.567","volume":"30","author":"AJ Mart\u00ednez","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez AJ. Is Acanthamoeba encephalitis an opportunistic infection? Neurology 1980; 30(6): 567\u2013574","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9291-z","volume":"12","author":"P Lackner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lackner P, Beer R, Broessner G, Helbok R, Pfausler B, Brenneis C, Auer H, Walochnik J, Schmutzhard E. Acute granulomatous acanthamoeba encephalitis in an immunocompetent patient. Neurocrit Care 2010; 12(1): 91\u201394","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy813","volume":"68","author":"JR Cope","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cope JR, Landa J, Nethercut H, Collier SA, Glaser C, Moser M, Puttagunta R, Yoder JS, Ali IK, Roy SL. The epidemiology and clinical features of Balamuthia mandrillaris disease in the United States, 1974\u20132016. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68(11): 1815\u20131822","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1775130","volume":"9","author":"X Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu X, Yan G, Han S, Ye Y, Cheng X, Gong H, Yu H. Diagnosing Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis via next-generation sequencing in a 13-year-old girl. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9(1): 1379\u20131387","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0334-5","volume":"100","author":"AF Kiderlen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kiderlen AF, Laube U, Radam E, Tata PS. Oral infection of immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice with Balamuthia mandrillaris amebae. Parasitol Res 2007; 100(4): 775\u2013782","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"865_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.05.004","volume":"156","author":"H Yera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yera H, Dupouy-Camet J, Jackson JW, Sriram R, Sweat S, Goldstein JM, Visvesvara GS. In vitro growth, cytopathic effects and clearance of monolayers by clinical isolates of Balamuthia mandrillaris in human skin cell cultures. Exp Parasitol 2015; 156: 61\u201367","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12726","volume":"14","author":"AA Gupte","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gupte AA, Hocevar SN, Lea AS, Kulkarni RD, Schain DC, Casey MJ, Zendejas-Ruiz IR, Chung WK, Mbaeyi C, Roy SL, Visvesvara GS, da Silva AJ, Tallaj J, Eckhoff D, Baddley JW. Transmission of Balamuthia mandrillaris through solid organ transplantation: utility of organ recipient serology to guide clinical management. Am J Transplant 2014; 14(6): 1417\u20131424","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw422","volume":"63","author":"EC Farnon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farnon EC, Kokko KE, Budge PJ, Mbaeyi C, Lutterloh EC, Qvarnstrom Y, da Silva AJ, Shieh WJ, Roy SL, Paddock CD, Sriram R, Zaki SR, Visvesvara GS, Kuehnert MJ, Balamuthia Transplant Investigation Teams; Weiss J, Komatsu K, Manch R, Ramos A, Echeverria L, Moore A, Zakowski P, Kittleson M, Kobashigawa J, Yoder J, Beach M, Mahle W, Kanter K, Geraghty PJ, Navarro E, Hahn C, Fujita S, Stinson J, Trachtenberg J, Byers P, Cheung M, Jie T, Kaplan B, Gruessner R, Bracamonte E, Viscusi C, Gonzalez-Peralta R, Lawrence R, Fratkin J, Butt F. Transmission of Balamuthia mandrillaris by organ transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63(7): 878\u2013888","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR214","first-page":"299","volume":"64","author":"K Kot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kot K, \u0141anocha-Arendarczyk NA, Kosik-Bogacka DI. Amoebas from the genus Acanthamoeba and their pathogenic properties. Ann Parasitol 2018; 64(4): 299\u2013308","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol"},{"key":"865_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00434.x","volume":"48","author":"AJ Mart\u00ednez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez AJ, Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS. Balamuthia mandrillaris: its pathogenic potential. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001; 48 (Suppl): 6S\u20139S","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1163-z","volume":"94","author":"AF Kiderlen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kiderlen AF, Laube U. Balamuthia mandrillaris, an opportunistic agent of granulomatous amebic encephalitis, infects the brain via the olfactory nerve pathway. Parasitol Res 2004; 94(1): 49\u201352","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00056-07","volume":"21","author":"A Matin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matin A, Siddiqui R, Jayasekera S, Khan NA. Increasing importance of Balamuthia mandrillaris. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21(3): 435\u2013448","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14337","volume":"98","author":"SE Nielsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nielsen SE, Ivarsen A, Hjortdal J. Increasing incidence of Acanthamoeba keratitis in a large tertiary ophthalmology department from year 1994 to 2018. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98(5): 445\u2013448","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR219","first-page":"121","volume":"60","author":"M Garajov\u00e1","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garajov\u00e1 M, Mrva M. Amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba\u2014causative agents of human infections. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2011; 60(3): 121\u2013130","journal-title":"Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32833ed78b","volume":"23","author":"GS Visvesvara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Visvesvara GS. Amebic meningoencephalitides and keratitis: challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010; 23(6): 590\u2013594","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"865_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E618","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10080618","volume":"10","author":"A Betanzos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Betanzos A, Ba\u00f1uelos C, Orozco E. Host invasion by pathogenic amoebae: epithelial disruption by parasite proteins. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10(8): E618","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00023.x","volume":"30","author":"NA Khan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khan NA. Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2006; 30(4): 564\u2013595","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1139\/w05-114","volume":"52","author":"JJ Serrano-Luna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Serrano-Luna JJ, Cervantes-Sandoval I, Calder\u00f3n J, Navarro-Garc\u00eda F, Tsutsumi V, Shibayama M. Protease activities of Acanthamoeba polyphaga and Acanthamoeba castellanii. Can J Microbiol 2006; 52(1): 16\u201323","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001923","volume":"141","author":"KJ Soto-Arredondo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soto-Arredondo KJ, Flores-Villavicencio LL, Serrano-Luna JJ, Shibayama M, Sabanero-L\u00f3pez M. Biochemical and cellular mechanisms regulating Acanthamoeba castellanii adherence to host cells. Parasitology 2014; 141(4): 531\u2013541","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E458","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060458","volume":"9","author":"I Castelan-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Castelan-Ram\u00edrez I, Salazar-Villatoro L, Ch\u00e1vez-Mungu\u00eda B, Salinas-Lara C, S\u00e1nchez-Garibay C, Flores-Maldonado C, Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez D, Anaya-Mart\u00ednez V, \u00c1vila-Costa MR, M\u00e9ndez-Cruz AR, Oma\u00f1a-Molina M. Schwann cell autophagy and necrosis as mechanisms of cell death by Acanthamoeba. Pathogens 2020; 9(6): E458","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"865_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1017\/S0424820100119235","volume":"43","author":"TB Cole","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cole TB, John DT. Effects of cytochalasin B on Naegleria fowleri amoebostomes. Proceedings, Annual Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 1985; 43: 482\u2013483","journal-title":"Proceedings, Annual Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR227","first-page":"329","volume":"48","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-Robles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Robles A, Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00e1zaro M, Oma\u00f1a-Molina M, Mart\u00ednez-Palomo A. Acanthamoeba castellanii: endocytic structures involved in the ingestion of diverse target elements. Acta Protozool 2009; 48(4): 329\u2013334","journal-title":"Acta Protozool"},{"key":"865_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748206","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/748206","volume":"2012","author":"C Pi\u00f1a-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pi\u00f1a-V\u00e1zquez C, Reyes-L\u00f3pez M, Ort\u00edz-Estrada G, de la Garza M, Serrano-Luna J. Host-parasite interaction: parasite-derived and- induced proteases that degrade human extracellular matrix. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012: 748206","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"865_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.2008\/000976-0","volume":"57","author":"NA Khan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khan NA. Acanthamoeba and the blood-brain barrier: the breakthrough. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57(9): 1051\u20131057","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"865_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.06.004","volume":"39","author":"NA Khan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Acanthamoeba affects the integrity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells and degrades the tight junction proteins. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39(14): 1611\u20131616","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12522","volume":"65","author":"D Coronado-Vel\u00e1zquez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coronado-Vel\u00e1zquez D, Betanzos A, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. An in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier: Naegleria fowleri affects the tight junction proteins and activates the microvascular endothelial cells. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65(6): 804\u2013819","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.01.005","volume":"27","author":"R Siddiqui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Siddiqui R, Emes R, Elsheikha H, Khan NA. Area 51: How do Acanthamoeba invade the central nervous system? Trends Parasitol 2011; 27(5): 185\u2013189","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.06.007","volume":"59","author":"AD Chusattayanond","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chusattayanond AD, Boonsilp S, Kasisit J, Boonmee A, Warit S. Thai Acanthamoeba isolate (T4) induced apoptotic death in neuroblastoma cells via the Bax-mediated pathway. Parasitol Int 2010; 59(4): 512\u2013516","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"24","key":"865_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4573","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24244573","volume":"24","author":"JM Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang JM, Chang YT, Lin WC. The biochemical and functional characterization of M28 aminopeptidase protein secreted by Acanthamoeba spp. on host cell interaction. Molecules 2019; 24(24): E4573","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-42","volume":"6","author":"J Sissons","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sissons J, Alsam S, Goldsworthy G, Lightfoot M, Jarroll EL, Khan NA. Identification and properties of proteases from an Acanthamoeba isolate capable of producing granulomatous encephalitis. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6(1): 42","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"865_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47134-0","volume":"56","author":"A Matin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matin A, Siddiqui R, Jung SY, Kim KS, Stins M, Khan NA. Balamuthia mandrillaris interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56(8): 1110\u20131115","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2007.06.008","volume":"44","author":"R Siddiqui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: an emerging disease with fatal consequences. Microb Pathog 2008; 44(2): 89\u201397","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46847-0","volume":"56","author":"A Matin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matin A, Jeong SR, Stins M, Khan NA. Effects of human serum on Balamuthia mandrillaris interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56(1): 30\u201335","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.149888","volume":"5","author":"R Siddiqui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Balamuthia mandrillaris: morphology, biology, and virulence. Trop Parasitol 2015; 5(1): 15\u201322","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"issue":"13","key":"865_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.05.001","volume":"7","author":"S Jayasekera","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jayasekera S, Matin A, Sissons J, Maghsood AH, Khan NA. Balamuthia mandrillaris stimulates interleukin-6 release in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. Microbes Infect 2005; 7(13): 1345\u20131351","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001272","volume":"134","author":"B Rocha-Azevedo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rocha-Azevedo B, Jamerson M, Cabral GA, Silva-Filho FC, Marciano-Cabral F. The interaction between the amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris and extracellular matrix glycoproteins in vitro. Parasitology 2007; 134(1): 51\u201358","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00065.x","volume":"47","author":"A Matin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matin A, Stins M, Kim KS, Khan NA. Balamuthia mandrillaris exhibits metalloprotease activities. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2006; 47(1): 83\u201391","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02414.x","volume":"47","author":"A Matin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matin A, Khan NA. Demonstration and partial characterization of ecto-ATPase in Balamuthia mandrillaris and its possible role in the host-cell interactions. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 47(4): 348\u2013354","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"865_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2015010","volume":"22","author":"J Lorenzo-Morales","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lorenzo-Morales J, Khan NA, Walochnik J. An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Parasite 2015; 22: 10","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00148-3","volume":"65","author":"S De\u011ferli","year":"2020","unstructured":"De\u011ferli S, De\u011ferli N, \u00c7amur D, Do\u011fan \u00d6, \u0130lter H. Genotyping by sequencing of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria isolates from the thermal pool distributed throughout Turkey. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65(1): 174\u2013186","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.29.2.401-407.1980","volume":"29","author":"RT Cursons","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cursons RT, Brown TJ, Keys EA, Moriarty KM, Till D. Immunity to pathogenic free-living amoebae: role ofhumoral antibody. Infect Immun 1980; 29(2): 401\u2013407","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5217-9","volume":"115","author":"A Wojtkowiak-Giera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wojtkowiak-Giera A, Derda M, Kolasa-Wo\u0142osiuk A, Hada\u015b E, Kosik-Bogacka D, Solarczyk P, Jagodzi\u0144ski PP, Wandurska-Nowak E. Toll-like receptors in the brain of mice following infection with Acanthamoeba spp. Parasitol Res 2016; 115(11): 4335\u20134344","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"865_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.02.012","volume":"165","author":"M Derda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Derda M, Wojtkowiak-Giera A, Kolasa-Wolosiuk A, Kosik-Bogacka D, Hadas E, Jagodzi\u00f1ski PP, Wandurska-Nowak E. Acanthamoeba infection in lungs of mice expressed by toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4). Exp Parasitol 2016; 165: 30\u201334","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"865_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.05.002","volume":"216","author":"W Pumidonming","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pumidonming W, Walochnik J, Dauber E, Petry F. Binding to complement factors and activation of the alternative pathway by Acanthamoeba. Immunobiology 2011; 216(1\u20132): 225\u2013233","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR250","first-page":"477","volume":"54","author":"A Ferrante","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ferrante A, Rowan-Kelly B. Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni. Clin Exp Immunol 1983; 54(2): 477\u2013485","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)90129-5","volume":"24","author":"GL Stewart","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stewart GL, Shupe K, Kim I, Silvany RE, Alizadeh H, McCulley JP, Niederkorn JY. Antibody-dependent neutrophil-mediated killing of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Int J Parasitol 1994; 24(5): 739\u2013742","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1998.tb05099.x","volume":"45","author":"F Marciano-Cabral","year":"1998","unstructured":"Marciano-Cabral F, Toney DM. The interaction of Acanthamoeba spp. with activated macrophages and with macrophage cell lines. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1998; 45(4): 452\u2013458","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(03)00047-X","volume":"3","author":"N Benedetto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benedetto N, Rossano F, Gorga F, Folgore A, Rao M, Romano Carratelli C. Defense mechanisms of IFN-\u03b3 and LPS-primed murine microglia against Acanthamoeba castellanii infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3(6): 825\u2013834","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00345-16","volume":"84","author":"A Mattana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mattana A, Sanna M, Cano A, Delogu G, Erre G, Roberts CW, Henriquez FL, Fiori PL, Cappuccinelli P. Acanthamoeba castellanii genotype T4 stimulates the production of interleukin-10 as well as proinflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Infect Immun 2016; 84(10): 2953\u20132962","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01054","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01054-16","volume":"85","author":"A Cano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cano A, Mattana A, Woods S, Henriquez FL, Alexander J, Roberts CW. Acanthamoeba activates macrophages predominantly through Toll-like receptor 4- and MyD88-dependent mechanisms to induce interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-6. Infect Immun 2017; 85 (6): e01054\u201316","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1993.31.3.239","volume":"31","author":"KH Kim","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kim KH, Shin CO, Im K. Natural killer cell activity in mice infected with free-living amoeba with reference to their pathogenicity. Korean J Parasitol 1993; 31(3): 239\u2013248","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3006-7","volume":"111","author":"JY Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim JY, Na BK, Song KJ, Park MH, Park YK, Kim TS. Functional expression and characterization of an iron-containing superoxide dismutase of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Parasitol Res 2012; 111(4): 1673\u20131682","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1086\/314731","volume":"179","author":"ZH Huang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Huang ZH, Ferrante A, Carter RF. Serum antibodies to Balamuthia mandrillaris, a free-living amoeba recently demonstrated to cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 1999; 179(5): 1305\u20131308","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"865_CR259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1086\/503037","volume":"42","author":"FL Schuster","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schuster FL, Honarmand S, Visvesvara GS, Glaser CA. Detection of antibodies against free-living amoebae Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba species in a population of patients with encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42(9): 1260\u20131265","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.2307\/3284492","volume":"84","author":"DM Toney","year":"1998","unstructured":"Toney DM, Marciano-Cabral F. Resistance of Acanthamoeba species to complement lysis. J Parasitol 1998; 84(2): 338\u2013344","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45721-0","volume":"53","author":"S Jayasekera","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jayasekera S, Sissons J, Tucker J, Rogers C, Nolder D, Warhurst D, Alsam S, White JML, Higgins EM, Khan NA. Post-mortem culture of Balamuthia mandrillaris from the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of a case of granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis, using human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53(10): 1007\u20131012","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR262","first-page":"2553","volume":"31","author":"A Matin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matin A, Nawaz S, Jung SY. Report: Effect of macrophage alone or primed with cytokines on Balamuthia mandrillaris interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Pak J Pharm Sci 2018; 31(6): 2553\u20132559","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0275","volume":"15","author":"P Guzm\u00e1n-T\u00e9llez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guzm\u00e1n-T\u00e9llez P, Mart\u00ednez-Castillo M, Flores-Huerta N, Rosales-Morgan G, Pacheco-Y\u00e9pez J, la Garza M, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Lectins as virulence factors in Entamoeba histolytica and free-living amoebae. Future Microbiol 2020; 15(10): 919\u2013936","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"865_CR264","volume-title":"Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease","author":"SL Robbins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robbins SL, Kumar V, Cotran RS. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders\/Elsevier, 2010","edition":"8th ed."},{"issue":"Pt12","key":"865_CR265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.081315-0","volume":"63","author":"AM Baig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baig AM. Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: ghost response of an immunocompromised host? J Med Microbiol 2014; 63(Pt 12): 1763\u20131766","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-019-00202-6","volume":"16","author":"DC Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee DC, Fiester SE, Madeline LA, Fulcher JW, Ward ME, Schammel CM, Hakimi RK. Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris leading to fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2020; 16(1): 171\u2013176","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"865_CR267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2005.00113.x","volume":"7","author":"SE Vernon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vernon SE, Acar BC, Pham SM, Fertel D. Acanthamoeba infection in lung transplantation: report of a case and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2005; 7(3\u20134): 154\u2013157","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2005.09.006","volume":"25","author":"AG Duarte","year":"2006","unstructured":"Duarte AG, Sattar F, Granwehr B, Aronson JF, Wang Z, Lick S. Disseminated acanthamoebiasis after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25(2): 237\u2013240","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"issue":"13","key":"865_CR269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm2002401","volume":"383","author":"M Schimmel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schimmel M, Mehta I. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis. N Engl J Med 2020; 383(13): 1262","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2010.01151.x","volume":"31","author":"R Reddy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reddy R, Vijayasaradhi M, Uppin MS, Challa S, Jabeen A, Borghain R. Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient: an autopsy case report. Neuropathology 2011; 31(2): 183\u2013187","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2018.03.019","volume":"60","author":"M S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc","year":"2018","unstructured":"S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc M, Akt\u00fcrk H, G\u00fcl\u00fcmser-\u015ei\u015fko S, Acar M, Erol OB, Somer A, Bilgi\u00e7 B, Salman N. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba in an immuncompetent child. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60(3): 340\u2013343","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e163","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix089","volume":"7","author":"KW Shehab","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shehab KW, Aboul-Nasr K, Elliott SP. Balamuthia mandrillaris granulomatous amebic encephalitis with renal dissemination in a previously healthy child: case report and review of the pediatric literature. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018; 7(3): e163\u2013e168","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1835447","volume":"9","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang L, Cheng W, Li B, Jian Z, Qi X, Sun D, Gao J, Lu X, Yang Y, Lin K, Lu C, Chen J, Li C, Wang G, Gao T. Balamuthia mandrillaris infection in China: a retrospective report of 28 cases. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9(1): 2348\u20132357","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR274","first-page":"e20","volume":"51","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Y, Hu X, Min L, Dong X, Guan Y. Balamuthia mandrillaris-related primary amoebic encephalitis in China diagnosed by next generation sequencing and a review of the literature. Lab Med 2020; 51(2): e20\u2013e26","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283428d1e","volume":"24","author":"FG Bravo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bravo FG, Alvarez PJ, Gotuzzo E. Balamuthia mandrillaris infection of the skin and central nervous system: an emerging disease of concern to many specialties in medicine. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011; 24(2): 112\u2013117","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-012-0266-4","volume":"14","author":"FG Bravo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bravo FG, Seas C. Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebic encephalitis: an emerging parasitic infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2012; 14(4): 391\u2013396","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01645432","volume":"13","author":"AJ Martinez","year":"1985","unstructured":"Martinez AJ, Janitschke K. Acanthamoeba, an opportunistic microorganism: a review. Infection 1985; 13(6): 251\u2013256","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"8","key":"865_CR278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13060","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13060","volume":"21","author":"SL Coven","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coven SL, Song E, Steward S, Pierson CR, Cope JR, Ali IK, Ardura MI, Hall MW, Chung MG, Bajwa RPS. Acanthamoeba granulomatous amoebic encephalitis after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Pediatr Transplant 2017; 21(8): e13060","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPM.IJPM_815_16","volume":"60","author":"DP Ghadage","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghadage DP, Choure AC, Wankhade AB, Bhore AV. Opportunistic free: living amoeba now becoming a usual pathogen? Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2017; 60(4): 601\u2013603","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-50-3-205","volume":"50","author":"The Editors","year":"2001","unstructured":"The Editors. Balamuthia mandrillaris infection. J Med Microbiol 2001; 50(3): 205\u2013207","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2004.01.002","volume":"7","author":"FL Schuster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS. Opportunistic amoebae: challenges in prophylaxis and treatment. Drug Resist Updat 2004; 7(1): 41\u201351","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"issue":"10244","key":"865_CR282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31365-9","volume":"396","author":"D Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan D, Bridges LR, du Parcq J, Mahadeva U, Roy S, Ali IKM, Cosgrove CA, Chiodini PL, Zhang L. A rare cause of left-sided weakness in an elderly woman: amoebic encephalitis. Lancet 2020; 396(10244): e1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"865_CR283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-06790-7.50010-7","volume-title":"Tropical Dermatology","author":"FG Bravo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bravo FG. Cutaneous manifestations of infection by free-living amebas. In: Tyring SK. Tropical Dermatology. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2006: 49\u201355"},{"key":"865_CR284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107788","volume":"208","author":"SK Kalra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalra SK, Sharma P, Shyam K, Tejan N, Ghoshal U. Acanthamoeba and its pathogenic role in granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Exp Parasitol 2020; 208: 107788","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000066540.18671.f8","volume":"22","author":"A Bakardjiev","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bakardjiev A, Azimi PH, Ashouri N, Ascher DP, Janner D, Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS, Glaser C. Amebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris: report of four cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22(5): 447\u2013452","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.10.3892-3895.2000","volume":"38","author":"M Seijo Martinez","year":"2000","unstructured":"Seijo Martinez M, Gonzalez-Mediero G, Santiago P, Rodriguez De Lope A, Diz J, Conde C, Visvesvara GS. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis in a patient with AIDS: isolation of acanthamoeba sp. Group II from brain tissue and successful treatment with sulfadiazine and fluconazole. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38(10): 3892\u20133895","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.173662","volume":"64","author":"VK Thamtam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thamtam VK, Uppin MS, Pyal A, Kaul S, Rani JY, Sundaram C. Fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba in a newly diagnosed patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurol India 2016; 64(1): 101\u2013104","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407143310204","volume":"331","author":"CA Slater","year":"1994","unstructured":"Slater CA, Sickel JZ, Visvesvara GS, Pabico RC, Gaspari AA. Brief report: successful treatment of disseminated Acanthamoeba infection in an immunocompromised patient. N Engl J Med 1994; 331(2): 85\u201387","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2006.00159.x","volume":"9","author":"R Walia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walia R, Montoya JG, Visvesvera GS, Booton GC, Doyle RL. A case of successful treatment of cutaneous Acanthamoeba infection in a lung transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2007; 9(1): 51\u201354","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.07.009","volume":"29","author":"J Lorenzo-Morales","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lorenzo-Morales J, Cabello-V\u00edlchez AM, Mart\u00edn-Navarro CM, Mart\u00ednez-Carretero E, Pi\u00f1ero JE, Valladares B. Is Balamuthia mandrillaris a public health concern worldwide? Trends Parasitol 2013; 29(10): 483\u2013488","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050440","volume":"39","author":"JJ Sell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sell JJ, Rupp FW, Orrison WWJr. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by acanthamoeba. Neuroradiology 1997; 39(6): 434\u2013436","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.060087","volume":"12","author":"CG Shirwadkar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shirwadkar CG, Samant R, Sankhe M, Deshpande R, Yagi S, Schuster FL, Sriram R, Visvesvara GS. Acanthamoeba encephalitis in patient with systemic lupus, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12(6): 984\u2013986","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1231-4","volume":"46","author":"S Modica","year":"2018","unstructured":"Modica S, Miracco C, Cusi MG, Tordini G, Muzii VF, Iacoangeli F, Nocentini C, Ali IKM, Roy S, Cerase A, Zanelli G, De Luca A, Montagnani F. Non-granulomatous cerebellar infection by Acanthamoeba spp. in an immunocompetent host. Infection 2018; 46(6): 885\u2013889","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5858\/2004-128-466-BMMIAI","volume":"128","author":"S Jung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jung S, Schelper RL, Visvesvara GS, Chang HT. Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient: an unusual clinical course and a favorable outcome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004; 128(4): 466\u2013468","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly089","volume":"77","author":"WT Harrison","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harrison WT, Lecky B, Hulette CM. Fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis in a heart transplant patient: clinical, radiographic, and autopsy findings. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018; 77(11): 1001\u20131004","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.149889","volume":"5","author":"SC Parija","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parija SC, Dinoop K, Venugopal H. Management of granulomatous amebic encephalitis: laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Trop Parasitol 2015; 5(1): 23\u201328","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01175-7","volume":"14","author":"JE Williams","year":"1998","unstructured":"Williams JE. Diagnostic medical parasitology. Parasitol Today 1998; 14(3): 125\u2013126","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"865_CR298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.07.009","volume":"192","author":"AY Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang AY, Park AY, Shin HJ, Khan NA, Maciver SK, Jung SY. Production of a monoclonal antibody against a mannose-binding protein of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and its localization. Exp Parasitol 2018; 192: 19\u201324","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"865_CR299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800973","volume":"20","author":"J Guarner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guarner J, Bartlett J, Shieh WJ, Paddock CD, Visvesvara GS, Zaki SR. Histopathologic spectrum and immunohistochemical diagnosis of amebic meningoencephalitis. Mod Pathol 2007; 20(12): 1230\u20131237","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1243-6","volume":"104","author":"AF Kiderlen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kiderlen AF, Radam E, Tata PS. Assessment of Balamuthia mandrillaris-specific serum antibody concentrations by flow cytometry. Parasitol Res 2009; 104(3): 663\u2013670","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.10.015","volume":"126","author":"AF Kiderlen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kiderlen AF, Radam E, Schuster FL, Adjogoua EV, Akoua-Koffi C, Leendertz FH. Balamuthia and Acanthamoeba-binding antibodies in West African human sera. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126(1): 28\u201332","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.342-354.2002","volume":"15","author":"FL Schuster","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schuster FL. Cultivation of pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebas. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15(3): 342\u2013354","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-210","volume":"8","author":"AF Kiderlen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kiderlen AF, Radam E, Lewin A. Detection of Balamuthia mandrillaris DNA by real-time PCR targeting the RNase P gene. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8(1): 210","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"865_CR304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3192-3197.2005","volume":"43","author":"S Yagi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yagi S, Booton GC, Visvesvara GS, Schuster FL. Detection of Balamuthia mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene DNA in clinical specimens by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(7): 3192\u20133197","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5864-0","volume":"117","author":"S Gabriel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gabriel S, Rasheed AK, Siddiqui R, Appaturi JN, Fen LB, Khan NA. Development of nanoparticle-assisted PCR assay in the rapid detection of brain-eating amoebae. Parasitol Res 2018; 117(6): 1801\u20131811","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqz103","volume":"152","author":"AP Norgan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Norgan AP, Sloan LM, Pritt BS. Detection of Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp, and Balamuthia mandrillaris in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Am J Clin Pathol 2019; 152(6): 799\u2013807","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24499","volume":"78","author":"MR Wilson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wilson MR, Shanbhag NM, Reid MJ, Singhal NS, Gelfand JM, Sample HA, Benkli B, O\u2019Donovan BD, Ali IK, Keating MK, Dunnebacke TH, Wood MD, Bollen A, DeRisi JL. Diagnosing Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis with metagenomic deep sequencing. Ann Neurol 2015; 78(5): 722\u2013730","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"865_CR308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1096","volume":"77","author":"ML Silva-Vergara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Silva-Vergara ML, Da Cunha Colombo ER, De Figueiredo Vissotto E, Silva AC, Chica JE, Etchebehere RM, Adad SJ. Disseminated Balamuthia mandrillaris amoeba infection in an AIDS patient from Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 77(6): 1096\u20131098","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"865_CR309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.309","volume":"67","author":"RA Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Silva RA, Ara\u00fajo SA, Avellar IF, Pittella JE, Oliveira JT, Christo PP. Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient. Arch Neurol 2010; 67(12): 1516\u20131520","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"865_CR310","first-page":"197","volume":"163","author":"JH Diaz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Diaz JH. The public health threat from Balamuthia mandrillaris in the southern United States. J La State Med Soc 2011; 163(4): 197\u2013204","journal-title":"J La State Med Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.3.335","volume":"51","author":"A Krasaelap","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krasaelap A, Prechawit S, Chansaenroj J, Punyahotra P, Puthanakit T, Chomtho K, Shuangshoti S, Amornfa J, Poovorawan Y. Fatal Balamuthia amebic encephalitis in a healthy child: a case report with review of survival cases. Korean J Parasitol 2013; 51(3): 335\u2013341","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00360-5","volume":"26","author":"M Galarza","year":"2002","unstructured":"Galarza M, Cuccia V, Sosa FP, Monges JA. Pediatric granulomatous cerebral amebiasis: a delayed diagnosis. Pediatr Neurol 2002; 26(2): 153\u2013156","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofu062","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu062","volume":"1","author":"TN Pindyck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pindyck TN, Dvorscak LE, Hart BL, Palestine MD, Gallant JE, Allen SE, SantaCruz KS. Fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis due to Balamuthia mandrillaris in New Mexico: a case report. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1(2): ofu062","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"865_CR314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4083-6","volume":"113","author":"L Retana-Moreira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Retana-Moreira L, Abrahams-Sand\u00ed E, Cabello-V\u00edlchez AM, Reyes-Batlle M, Valladares B, Mart\u00ednez-Carretero E, Pi\u00f1ero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Isolation and molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia mandrillaris from combination shower units in Costa Rica. Parasitol Res 2014; 113(11): 4117\u20134122","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2018.164","volume":"17","author":"S Gabriel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gabriel S, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Occurrence of free-living amoebae (Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Naegleria) in water samples in Peninsular Malaysia. J Water Health 2019; 17(1): 160\u2013171","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR316","first-page":"249","volume":"305","author":"C Mbaeyi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mbaeyi C, Hlth CG. Notes From the Field: transplant-transmitted Balamuthia mandrillaris\u2014Arizona, 2010 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 59, pg 1182, 2010). JAMA 2011; 305(3): 249","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"865_CR317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03395_1.x","volume":"11","author":"DaSilvaNo author listed","year":"2011","unstructured":"DaSilvaNo author listed. Balamuthia mandrillaris transmitted through organ transplantation\u2014Mississippi, 2009. Am J Transplant 2011; 11(1): 173\u2013176","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"8","key":"865_CR318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1008.040139","volume":"10","author":"FL Schuster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schuster FL, Glaser C, Honarmand S, Maguire JH, Visvesvara GS. Balamuthia amebic encephalitis risk, Hispanic Americans. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10(8): 1510\u20131512","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2005.00082.x","volume":"53","author":"FL Schuster","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schuster FL, Guglielmo BJ, Visvesvara GS. In-vitro activity of miltefosine and voriconazole on clinical isolates of free-living amebas: Balamuthia mandrillaris, Acanthamoeba spp., and Naegleria fowleri. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2006; 53(2): 121\u2013126","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.10.JNS10677","volume":"114","author":"JS Doyle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Doyle JS, Campbell E, Fuller A, Spelman DW, Cameron R, Malham G, Gin D, Lewin SR. Balamuthia mandrillaris brain abscess successfully treated with complete surgical excision and prolonged combination antimicrobial therapy. J Neurosurg 2011; 114(2): 458\u2013462","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12026","volume":"60","author":"R Siddiqui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siddiqui R, Aqeel Y, Khan NA. Killing the dead: chemotherapeutic strategies against free-living cyst-forming protists (Acanthamoeba sp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 60(3): 291\u2013297","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"865_CR322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003","volume":"16","author":"F Marciano-Cabral","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral G. Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16(2): 273\u2013307","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1086\/589747","volume":"47","author":"AR Tunkel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, Sejvar JJ, Marra CM, Roos KL, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Scheld WM, Whitley RJ; Infectious Diseases Society of America. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47(3): 303\u2013327","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e699","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1797","volume":"125","author":"LC Cary","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cary LC, Maul E, Potter C, Wong P, Nelson PT, Given C 2nd, Robertson W Jr. Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis: survival of a pediatric patient. Pediatrics 2010; 125(3): e699\u2013e703","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"865_CR325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.4.JNS102057","volume":"115","author":"L Orozco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Orozco L, Hanigan W, Khan M, Fratkin J, Lee M. Neurosurgical intervention in the diagnosis and treatment of Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis. J Neurosurg 2011; 115(3): 636\u2013640","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"865_CR326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02051","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02051-18","volume":"9","author":"MT Laurie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laurie MT, White CV, Retallack H, Wu W, Moser MS, Sakanari JA, Ang K, Wilson C, Arkin MR, DeRisi JL. Functional assessment of 2,177 U.S. and international drugs identifies the quinoline nitroxoline as a potent amoebicidal agent against the pathogen Balamuthia mandrillaris. MBio 2018; 9(5): e02051\u201318","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"10","key":"865_CR327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1086\/379020","volume":"37","author":"TR Deetz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Deetz TR, Sawyer MH, Billman G, Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS. Successful treatment of Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: presentation of 2 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37(10): 1304\u20131312","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"37","key":"865_CR328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666191014171354","volume":"25","author":"BLC Gondim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gondim BLC, da Silva Catarino J, de Sousa MAD, de Oliveira Silva M, Lemes MR, de Carvalho-Costa TM, de Lima Nascimento TR, Machado JR, Rodrigues V, Oliveira CJF, Can\u00e7ado Castellano LR, da Silva MV. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery: blood-brain barrier as the main obstacle to treating infectious diseases in CNS. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25(37): 3983\u20133996","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"}],"container-title":["Frontiers of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11684-021-0865-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11684-021-0865-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11684-021-0865-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T04:00:29Z","timestamp":1699848029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11684-021-0865-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"references-count":328,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11684-021-0865-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2095-0217","2095-0225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2095-0217","type":"print"},{"value":"2095-0225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}